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This reprintshows recent advances in dam safety related to overtopping and the prevention, detection, and risk assessment of geostructural risks. Related to overtopping, the issues treated are: the throughflow and failure process of rockfill dams; the protection of embankment dams against overtopping by means of a rockfill toe or wedge-shaped blocks; and the protection of concrete dams with highly convergent chutes. In the area of geostructural threats, the detection of anomalies in dam behavior from monitoring data using a combination of machine learning techniques, the numerical modeling of seismic behavior of concrete dams, and the determination of the impact area downstream of ski-jump spillways are also studied and discussed. In relation to risk assessment, three chapters deal with the development of fragility curves for dikes and dams in relation to various failure mechanisms.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- hydraulic structure --- sky-jump --- spillway --- flip bucket --- chute --- basin --- erosion --- flow rate --- jet flow --- wave overtopping --- levee --- cover --- probabilistic framework --- slope stability --- piping --- overtopping --- fragility curves --- Monte Carlo simulation --- dam --- stilling basin --- bucket --- flood --- weir --- safety --- protection --- dam protection --- wedge-shaped block --- WSB --- dam spillway --- dam safety --- ACUÑA --- rockfill dams --- throughflow --- numerical modeling --- non-Darcy flow --- porous media --- Forchheimer equation --- high velocity --- crushed rock --- rounded materials --- hydraulic mean radius --- intrinsic permeability --- shape of particles --- angularity of particles --- surface roughness of particles --- river levees --- geogrid reinforcement --- First Order Reliability Method (FORM) --- Surface Response Method (SRM) --- high gravity dams --- dam-foundation-reservoir dynamic interaction --- earthquake input mechanisms --- hydrodynamic pressure --- foundation size --- reservoir length --- stacking --- blending --- combination --- meta-learner --- experts --- machine learning --- Cross Validation --- radial displacement --- rockfill dam --- dam failure --- overflow --- floods --- dam breach --- n/a --- ACUÑA

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The need for energy is increasing and at the same time production from the conventional reservoirs is declining quickly. This requires an economically and technically feasible source of energy for the coming years. Among some alternative future energy solutions the most approachable source is from unconventional reservoirs. As the name “unconventional” implies it requires different and challenging approach to characterize and to develop such a resource. This special issue covers some of the technical challenges for developing unconventional energy sources from shale gas/oil, tight gas sand, and coalbed methane.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- bedding fractures --- failure criterion --- lamina --- tight oil --- tight sandstone --- finite element simulation --- numerical simulation --- unconventional reservoir --- permeability --- group method of data handling --- artificial neural network --- well logs --- sensitivity analysis --- tight gas reservoir --- multi-fractured horizontal well (MFHW) --- unstable productivity model --- productivity forecast --- influencing factor analysis --- horizontal well with multiple finite-conductivity fractures --- elliptical-shaped drainage --- productivity index --- non-Darcy flow --- pressure-dependent conductivity --- reservoir properties --- void space structure --- porosity --- complex rocks --- NMR --- MICP --- CT --- SEM --- coal-bearing tight sandstone --- organic-rich clasts --- occurrence --- classifications --- formation mechanisms --- Ordos Basin --- hydraulic fracturing --- fracturing fluids --- fluids-rock interaction --- environmental implication --- history matching --- semianalytic model --- unconventional gas reservoirs --- multistage fractured horizontal wells --- fractal theory --- pore structure --- heterogeneity --- NMR measurements --- multifractal analysis --- shale reservoir --- elastic properties --- brittleness --- rock physics --- brittle spot identification --- shale gas --- reservoir characteristics --- gas content --- eastern Sichuan Basin --- the Da’anzhai member --- pulse decay method --- gas adsorption --- dual media --- unconventional core --- natural fracture --- influencing factor --- oil production --- carbonate rock --- basement reservoir --- Jizhong Sub-basin --- dynamic pore network modeling --- shale reservoirs --- water imbibition --- discrete element method --- modified fluid-mechanical coupling algorithm --- injection sequence --- well spacing --- stress shadow effect --- seismic location --- microseismic events --- waveform stacking --- induced seismicity --- CBM --- surfactant --- solid-free drilling fluid --- CBM reservoir wettability --- machine learning --- lithofacies --- umiat --- Alaska --- proppant transportation --- cross fractures --- CFD simulation --- dimensional analysis --- equilibrium proppant height --- coalbed methane --- Lattice Boltzmann method --- gas diffusion --- adsorption–desorption --- pore-scale --- clay minerals --- pore structures --- tight gas reservoirs --- Xujiaweizi Rift --- Northern Songliao Basin --- methane adsorption isotherm --- coal properties --- gradient boosting decision tree --- estimation model --- shale gas reservoir --- geology --- Gibbs excess adsorption --- supercritical adsorption --- gas viscosity --- high voltage spark discharge --- electrohydraulic effect --- electrical conductivity --- drilling --- rock damage --- pressure waves --- water fracturing --- turbulence effect --- Eulerian multiphase modeling --- proppant transport mechanism --- equilibrium height prediction model --- adaptive filtering --- complex noise canceling --- electromagnetic telemetry --- multifractured horizontal wells --- production analysis --- irregular stimulated region --- natural gas hydrate --- seismic modeling --- fractional derivatives --- gas geochemical characteristics --- noble gas --- shale gas evolution --- Large Igneous Province (LIP) --- gas loss --- geological structure --- gas controlling pattern --- neutral surface --- tectonic movement --- Bumu region --- seismic interpretation --- depositional environments characteristics --- Wheeler diagram --- seismic attributes --- heterogeneous sequence --- sample size --- neutron scattering --- mercury injection capillary pressure --- adsorption --- shale --- junggar basin --- hong-che fault zone --- carboniferous --- volcanic reservoir --- main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation --- fracture --- vug --- micro CT --- carbonate --- wave velocity --- amorphous SiO2 --- X-ray diffraction --- X-ray fluorescence spectrometry --- scanning electron microscope --- quantitative analysis --- void ratio --- FEM --- ABAQUS --- matrix porosity --- kerogen porosity --- water saturation --- gas hydrate --- saturation --- deep learning --- recurrent neural network --- molecular simulation --- enhanced oil recovery --- methane --- shale petroleum --- technological development --- patent --- network analysis --- imbibition --- osmosis --- unconventional formations --- EOR --- water flooding

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The fluid flow in fracture porous media plays a significant role in the assessment of deep underground reservoirs, such as through CO2 sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and geothermal energy development. Many methods have been employed—from laboratory experimentation to theoretical analysis and numerical simulations—and allowed for many useful conclusions. This Special Issue aims to report on the current advances related to this topic. This collection of 58 papers represents a wide variety of topics, including on granite permeability investigation, grouting, coal mining, roadway, and concrete, to name but a few. We sincerely hope that the papers published in this Special Issue will be an invaluable resource for our readers.

deformation feature --- minerals --- microstructure --- mixing --- permeability --- gas concentration --- water–rock interaction --- loose gangue backfill material --- unified pipe-network method --- fracture --- roof-cutting resistance --- crack --- similar-material --- movable fluid --- gob-side entry retaining (GER) --- rock-soil mechanics --- bed separation --- orthogonal tests --- charge separation --- water soaked height --- fluid flow in reclaimed soil --- laboratory experiment --- longwall mining --- grading broken gangue --- MIP --- elastic modulus --- effective stress --- permeability coefficient --- mixer --- naturally fracture --- SEM --- microstructure characteristics --- artificial joint rock --- fractured rock --- strata movement --- conservative solute --- particle velocity --- dry-wet cycles --- hydraulic fractures --- numerical calculation --- mechanical behaviors --- normalized conductivity-influence function --- fractured porous rock mass --- PPCZ --- segmented grouting --- non-aqueous phase liquid --- intelligent torque rheometer --- numerical analysis --- temperature --- unsaturated soil --- uniaxial compressive strength --- mine shaft --- coalbed methane (CBM) --- nonlinear flow in fractured porous media --- similar simulation --- forecasting --- tight sandstones --- oriented perforation --- hydro-mechanical coupling --- constant normal stiffness conditions --- cohesive soils --- layered progressive grouting --- chemical grouts --- grain size of sand --- Darcy’s law --- soft coal masses --- hydro-power --- cyclic heating and cooling --- cohesive element method --- cement-based paste discharge --- tectonically deformed coal --- split grouting --- fault water inrush --- filtration effects --- T-stress --- particle flow modeling --- new cementitious material --- strength --- stabilization --- fractured porous medium --- brine concentration --- initial water contained in sand --- XRD --- fracture criteria --- hydraulic conductivity --- roadway deformation --- backfill mining --- adsorption/desorption properties --- pore pressure --- roughness --- cement–silicate grout --- compressive stress --- discrete element method --- dynamic characteristics --- strain-based percolation model --- thermal-hydrological-chemical interactions --- pore distribution characteristics --- transversely isotropic rocks --- nitric acid modification --- disaster-causing mechanism --- CH4 seepage --- crack distribution characteristics --- micro-CT --- relief excavation --- Darcy flow --- hydraulic fracturing --- mixed-form formulation --- propagation --- scanning electron microscope (SEM) images --- propagation pattern --- consolidation process --- rheological deformation --- gas adsorption --- soft filling medium --- ground pressure --- orthogonal ratio test --- rock fracture --- coal seams --- high-steep slope --- interface --- orthogonal test --- stress interference --- physical and mechanical parameters --- fracture propagation --- fluid–solid coupling theory --- coupling model --- surface characteristics --- numerical manifold method --- gas --- lignite --- water inrush prevention --- coupled THM model --- hard and thick magmatic rocks --- Ordos Basin --- porosity --- damage mechanics --- seepage --- degradation mechanism --- high temperature --- visualization system --- bentonite-sand mixtures --- contamination --- conductivity-influence function --- water-rock interaction --- deterioration --- seepage pressure --- glutenite --- adhesion efficiency --- mechanical behavior transition --- bedding plane orientation --- n/a --- enhanced gas recovery --- debris-resisting barriers --- reinforcement mechanism --- on-site monitoring --- geophysical prospecting --- cyclic wetting-drying --- scoops3D --- semi-analytical solution --- enhanced permeability --- management period --- seepage control --- deformation --- Yellow River Embankment --- impeded drainage boundary --- rheological test --- circular closed reservoir --- grout penetration --- viscoelastic fluid --- coal-like material --- paste-like slurry --- floor failure depth --- supercritical CO2 --- gravel --- numerical model --- fractal --- gas-bearing coal --- shear-flow coupled test --- rheological limit strain --- CO2 flooding --- flotation --- goaf --- slope stability --- damage --- coal and gas outburst --- hydraulic fracture --- anisotropy --- high-order --- effluents --- FLAC --- limestone roof --- sandstone --- TG/DTG --- Xinjiang --- two-phase flow --- model experiment --- coal particle --- volumetric strain --- failure mode --- land reclamation --- sandstone and mudstone particles --- contiguous seams --- CO2 geological storage --- numerical simulation --- geogrid --- stress relief --- optimum proportioning --- roadside backfill body (RBB) --- pervious concrete --- mudstone --- hydraulic fracture network --- grouted sand --- fractal pore characteristics --- refraction law --- segmented rheological model --- ductile failure --- heterogeneity --- flow law --- fracture closure --- coal measures sandstone --- tight sandstone gas reservoirs --- gob behaviors --- water-dripping roadway --- creep characteristics --- internal erosion --- warning levels of fault water inrush --- hydraulic aperture --- bolt support --- discontinuous natural fracture --- microscopic morphology --- critical hydraulic gradient --- mixed mode fracture resistance --- differential settlement --- alternate strata --- finite element method --- crushing ratio --- chloride --- glauberite cavern for storing oil &amp --- macroscopic mechanical behaviors --- collision angle --- adsorption performance --- failure mechanism --- mechanical properties --- transmissivity --- damage evolution --- gas fracturing --- multitude parameters --- deviatoric stress --- Jiaohe --- coal --- soil properties --- acoustic emission --- pore structure --- grouting experiment --- concrete --- confining pressures --- green mining --- gas drainage --- fluid viscosity --- compression deformation --- Unsaturation --- adsorption–desorption --- seepage-creep --- constitutive model --- soil particle size --- Pseudo Steady-State (PPS) constant --- soil–structure interface --- debris flow --- fracture grouting --- initial settlement position --- regression equation --- electrical potential --- secondary fracture --- surrounding rock --- solid backfill coal mining --- time variation --- excess pore-pressures --- finite-conductivity fracture --- permeability characteristics --- rainfall-unstable soil coupling mechanism(R-USCM) --- shaft lining --- Darcy's law --- cement-silicate grout --- fluid-solid coupling theory --- adsorption-desorption --- soil-structure interface