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The Smoot-Hawley tariff of 1930, which raised U.S. duties on hundreds of imported goods to record levels, is America's most infamous trade law. It is often associated with--and sometimes blamed for--the onset of the Great Depression, the collapse of world trade, and the global spread of protectionism in the 1930s. Even today, the ghosts of congressmen Reed Smoot and Willis Hawley haunt anyone arguing for higher trade barriers; almost single-handedly, they made protectionism an insult rather than a compliment. In Peddling Protectionism, Douglas Irwin provides the first comprehensive history of the causes and effects of this notorious measure, explaining why it largely deserves its reputation for combining bad politics and bad economics and harming the U.S. and world economies during the Depression. In four brief, clear chapters, Irwin presents an authoritative account of the politics behind Smoot-Hawley, its economic consequences, the foreign reaction it provoked, and its aftermath and legacy. Starting as a Republican ploy to win the farm vote in the 1928 election by increasing duties on agricultural imports, the tariff quickly grew into a logrolling, pork barrel free-for-all in which duties were increased all around, regardless of the interests of consumers and exporters. After Herbert Hoover signed the bill, U.S. imports fell sharply and other countries retaliated by increasing tariffs on American goods, leading U.S. exports to shrivel as well. While Smoot-Hawley was hardly responsible for the Great Depression, Irwin argues, it contributed to a decline in world trade and provoked discrimination against U.S. exports that lasted decades. Featuring a new preface by the author, Peddling Protectionism tells a fascinating story filled with valuable lessons for trade policy today.
Tariff --- Depressions --- History --- United States. --- United States --- Commercial policy --- A Monetary History of the United States. --- Ad valorem tax. --- Aggregate demand. --- Amendment. --- Balance of trade. --- Bank failure. --- Business cycle. --- Calculation. --- Central bank. --- Commodity. --- Competition. --- Congressional Record. --- Consumer Goods. --- Consumer. --- Consumption (economics). --- Currency. --- Daniel Patrick Moynihan. --- Debenture. --- Deflation. --- Depreciation. --- Disaster. --- Donald Trump. --- Duty-free shop. --- Economic growth. --- Economic indicator. --- Economic nationalism. --- Economic problem. --- Economic recovery. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy of the United States. --- Economy. --- Editorial cartoon. --- Employment. --- Exchange rate. --- Expense. --- Export subsidy. --- Export. --- Federal Farm Board. --- Financial crisis of 2007–08. --- Financial crisis. --- Financial distress. --- Foreclosure. --- Foreign trade of the United States. --- Free trade. --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. --- Herbert Hoover. --- Import Duty. --- Import. --- Income. --- Inflation. --- International trade. --- Investment. --- Investor. --- Keynesian economics. --- Legislation. --- Lobbying. --- Logrolling. --- Manufacturing. --- Member of Congress. --- Monetary policy. --- National interest. --- Net Exporter. --- Newspaper. --- North American Free Trade Agreement. --- Paul Krugman. --- Policy. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Price–specie flow mechanism. --- Princeton University Press. --- Protectionism. --- Protective tariff. --- Provision (accounting). --- Provision (contracting). --- Real estate appraisal. --- Real versus nominal value (economics). --- Recession. --- Reed Smoot. --- Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act. --- Statistical Abstract of the United States. --- Statistics Canada. --- Stock market crash. --- Subsidy. --- Surplus product. --- Tariff. --- Tax rate. --- Tax. --- The New York Times. --- Tight Monetary Policy. --- Trade agreement. --- Trade barrier. --- Trade restriction. --- Trade war. --- Unemployment. --- Vote trading. --- Ways and means committee. --- Welfare. --- World Trade Organization. --- World economy.
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"Americans claim a strong attachment to the work ethic and regularly profess support for government policies to promote employment. Why, then, have employment policies gained only a tenuous foothold in the United States? To answer this question, Margaret Weir highlights two related elements: the power of ideas in policymaking and the politics of interest formation. Rather than seeing policy as a straightforward outcome of public preferences, she shows how ideas frame the problems and how interests form around possibilities created by the interplay of ideas and politics." "By examining Keynesian macroeconomic policy in the 1930s and 1940s, labor market policies in the 1960s and 1970s, and efforts to develop new planning mechanisms in the late 1970s, Weir shows how early decisions restricted the scope for later initiatives. As a result, policies in the 1960s emphasized racial differences and thus drew opposition for creating special interest measures for African-Americans. Highlighting the limited capacities of the American national state, employment policy also attracted charges of waste, fraud, and corruption. By the 1970s, antipathy to the federal government and racial antagonism dominated the politics in this field, and any ideas for new programs quickly became entangled with preexisting problems."--Jacket
Labour market --- United States --- Politique de plein emploi --- Création d'emplois (Programmes gouvernementaux) --- Création d'emplois (Programmes gouvernementaux) --- Full employment policies --- Manpower policy --- Public service employment --- Emploi --- Politique gouvernementale --- Public service employment. --- Manpower policy. --- Full employment policies. --- Marche du travail --- Plein emploi --- Creation d'emplois --- United States. --- États-Unis --- Politique sociale. --- Activism. --- Adam Przeworski. --- Adviser. --- Advocacy group. --- Affirmative action. --- Alvin Hansen. --- American Economic Association. --- Americans. --- Apprenticeship. --- Black capitalism. --- Bureaucracy. --- Civil Works Administration. --- Civil service. --- Congressional Quarterly. --- Council of Economic Advisers. --- Daniel Patrick Moynihan. --- Demand For Labor. --- Domestic policy. --- E. 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Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- ZSA --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Америка (Republic) --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- САЩ --- Съединените щати --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- ولايات المتحدة --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- 미국 --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- Law and legislation --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- SUA --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- Amerik --- Америк --- Amerikiĭn Nėgdsėn Uls --- Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улс --- ANU --- АНУ --- Северо-Американские Штаты --- Северо-Американские Соединенные Штаты --- Сѣверо-Американскіе Соединенные Штаты --- Соединенные Штаты Америки --- Соединенные Штаты Северной Америки --- Соединенные Штаты Сѣверной Америки --- США --- ЗДА --- Зьєднані Держави Америки
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