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Karl Valentin once asked: "How can it be that only as much happens as fits into the newspaper the next day?" He focussed on the problem that information of the past has to be organised, arranged and above all: selected and put into form in order to be perceived as a whole. In this sense, the process of selection must be seen as the fundamental moment - the "Urszene" - of making History. This book shows selection as highly creative act. With the richness of early medieval material it can be demonstrated that creative selection was omnipresent and took place even in unexpected text genres.The book demonstrates the variety how premodern authors dealt with "unimportant", unpleasant or unwanted past. It provides a general overview for regions and text genres in early medieval Europe.

HISTORY / Medieval. --- damnatio memoriae. --- early middle ages. --- historiography. --- memory.

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Schrifttragende Artefakte sind einer Vielzahl von Praktiken ausgesetzt, durch die sie in der einen oder anderen Form beschädigt werden. Dabei können die Absichten, Hintergründe und Kontexte dieser Praktiken stark variieren, sodass durch die Zeiten hindurch in verschiedenen kulturellen Kontexten, Situationen und Diskursen vielfältige Ausprägungen zu beobachten sind. Solche Fälle sind keineswegs darauf beschränkt, Missbilligung gegenüber Inhalten oder Autoren auszudrücken oder das Andenken an Personen auszulöschen. Anhand von detailliert aufgearbeiteten Fallbeispielen, die vom antiken Ägypten, Mesopotamien und dem Mittelmeerraum über das alte China, das europäische Mittelalter und die Neuzeit sowie islamische Traditionen bis zum heutigen Bali reichen, werden verschiedene Facetten der unterschiedlichen Praktiken und ihrer Motivationen erarbeitet und eine übergreifende Systematik entwickelt. Ziel ist es, eine an praxeologischen Kriterien orientierte Phänomenologie von Schriftzerstörung aufzustellen. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf Praktiken in non-typographischen Gesellschaften, also in Kulturen, in denen Schriftdokumente nicht mittels Buchdruck und vergleichbaren Verfahren fast beliebig vervielfältigt, sondern von Hand einzeln angefertigt wurden.

Writing --- Paleography --- Written communication --- Books --- Legal documents --- Language and languages --- History. --- Mutilation, defacement, etc. --- Destruction and reconstruction --- Orthography and spelling --- Manuscripts --- Documents --- Documents, Legal --- Authentication --- Commercial documents --- Legal instruments --- Legalization --- Codices --- Nonbook materials --- Archival materials --- Charters --- Codicology --- Diplomatics --- Illumination of books and manuscripts --- Transmission of texts --- Library materials --- Publications --- Bibliography --- Cataloging --- International Standard Book Numbers --- Bücherverbrennung. --- Damnatio Memoriae. --- Schluckbilder. --- Urkundenvernichtung. --- Book burning --- damnatio memoriae --- document destruction --- swallowing pictures

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« The Limits of Criminological Positivism: The Movement for Criminal Law Reform in the West, 1870-1940 » presents the first major study of the limits of criminological positivism in the West and establishes the subject as a field of interest. The volume will explore those limits and bring to life the resulting doctrinal, procedural, and institutional compromises of the early twentieth century that might be said to have defined modern criminal justice administration. The book examines the topic not only in North America and western Europe, with essays on Italy, Germany, France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and Finland but also the reception and implementation of positivist ideas in Brazil. In doing so, it explores three comparative elements: (1) the differing national experiences within the civil law world; (2) differences and similarities between civil law and common law regimes; and (3) some differences between the two leading common-law countries. It interrogates many key aspects of current penal systems, such as the impact of extra-legal scientific knowledge on criminal law, preventive detention, the ‘dual-track’ system with both traditional punishment and novel measures of security, the assessment of offenders’ dangerousness, juvenile justice, and the indeterminate sentence. As a result, this study contributes to a critical understanding of some inherent contradictions characterizing criminal justice in contemporary western societies. Written in a straight-forward and direct manner, this volume will be of great interest to academics and students researching historical criminology, philosophy, political science, and legal history

E-books --- Criminology --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Positivism. --- Criminologie --- Justice pénale --- Positivisme --- History --- Histoire --- Administration --- Punishment --- Peines. --- History. --- Peines --- Condamnations pénales --- Et les peines --- Peine (droit pénal) --- Pénologie --- Punitions --- Sanctions pénales --- Infractions --- Amendes --- Amnistie --- Bannissement --- Circonstances aggravantes --- Circonstances atténuantes --- Correctionnalisation --- Damnatio memoriae --- Dépénalisation --- Emprisonnement --- Exécution des peines --- Exemptions de peine --- Incapacités résultant des condamnations pénales --- Mesures de sûreté (droit pénal) --- Peine de mort --- Peines (droit juif) --- Peines d'emprisonnement --- Peines infamantes --- Peines privées --- Personnalisation des peines --- Pilori --- Pluralité d'infractions --- Prescription extinctive (droit pénal) --- Proportionnalité des délits et des peines --- Punitions corporelles --- Réhabilitation --- Réparation (droit) --- Sentences (procédure pénale) --- Substituts à l'emprisonnement --- Sursis (droit pénal) --- Torture --- Politique criminelle --- Punition --- Philosophie positive --- Philosophie positiviste --- Positivisme (philosophie) --- Religion de l'Humanité --- Religion positive --- Religion positiviste --- École méthodique (historiographie) --- Positivisme (mouvement littéraire) --- Philosophie --- Système pénal --- Criminalité --- Droit pénal --- Médecins légistes --- Assignation à résidence --- Autorités de poursuite pénale --- Avocats d'office --- Clémence (droit) --- Coroners --- Détention provisoire --- Discrimination dans l'administration de la justice pénale --- Erreur judiciaire --- Établissements de correction --- Juges d'instruction --- Justice pour mineurs --- Libération conditionnelle --- Liberté provisoire --- Ministère public --- Police --- Poursuites judiciaires --- Prisons --- Probation (droit) --- Procédure pénale --- Procès rapide --- Tribunaux criminels --- Justice --- Humanity, Religion of --- Religion of humanity --- Agnosticism --- Deism --- Philosophy --- Philosophy, Modern --- Rationalism --- Religion --- Religions --- Realism --- Administration of criminal justice --- Justice, Administration of --- Crime --- Criminal law --- Criminals --- Social sciences --- Éthique --- Indemnisation --- Law and legislation --- Study and teaching --- Criminology - History - 20th century --- Criminal justice, Administration of - History - 20th century --- Positivism --- Justice pénale