Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

From ABO typing during the first half of the 20th century, to the use of enzymes and protein contained in blood serums and finally direct DNA typing, biology has been serving forensic purposes for many decades. Statistics, in turn, has been constantly underpinning the discussions of the probative value of results of biological analyses, in particular when defendants could not be considered as excluded as potential sources because of different genetic traits. The marriage between genetics and statistics has never been an easy one, though, as is illustrated by fierce arguments that peaked in the so-called "DNA wars" in some American courtrooms in the mid-1990s. This controversy has contributed to a lively production of research and publications on various interpretative topics, such as the collection of relevant data, foundations in population genetics as well as theoretical and practical considerations in probability and statistics. Both DNA profiling as a technique and the associated statistical considerations are now widely accepted as robust, but this does not yet guarantee or imply a neat transition to their application in court. Indeed, statistical principles applied to results of forensic DNA profiling analyses are a necessary, yet not a sufficient preliminary requirement for the contextually meaningful use of DNA in the law. Ultimately, the appropriate use of DNA in the forensic context relies on inference, i.e. reasoning reasonably in the face of uncertainty. This is all the more challenging that such thought processes need to be adopted by stakeholders from various backgrounds and holding diverse interests. Although several topics of the DNA controversy have been settled over time, some others are still debated (such as the question of how to deal with the probability of error), while yet others - purportedly settled topics - saw some recent revivals (e.g., the question of how to deal with database searches). In addition, new challenging topics have emerged over the last decade, such as the analysis and interpretation of traces containing only low quantities of DNA where artefacts of varying nature may affect results. Both technical and interpretative research involving statistics thus represent areas where ongoing research is necessary, and where scholars from the natural sciences and the law should collaborate. The articles in this Research Topic thus aim to investigate, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the current understanding of the strengths and limitations of DNA profiling results in legal applications. This Research Topic accepts contributions in all frontiers article type categories and places an emphasis on topics with a multidisciplinary perspective that explore (while not being limited to) statistical genetics for forensic scientists, case studies and reports, evaluation and interpretation of forensic findings, communication of expert findings to laypersons, quantitative legal reasoning and fact-finding using probability.

Biology - General --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- probability theory --- interpretation --- Bacterial DNA --- Statistics and the law --- Forensic DNA profiling --- Low-template DNA analysis --- Commercialization --- DNA transfer --- forensic molecular biology

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms and mitochondria in a vast majority of eukaryotes, contain part of the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell. The organisation and inheritance patterns of this organellar DNA are quite different to that of nuclear DNA. Present-day chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes contain only a few dozen genes. Nevertheless, these organelles harbor several thousand proteins, the vast majority of them encoded by the nucleus. As a result, the expression of nuclear and organelle genomes has to be very precisely coordinated. The selection of experimental and review papers of this book covers a wide range of topics related to chloroplasts and plant mitochondria research, illustrating recent advances and diverse insights into the field of organelle genetics in plants. These works represent some of the latest research on the genetics, genomics, and biotechnology of plant mitochondria and chloroplasts, and they are of significant broad interest for the community of plant scientists, especially for those working in the subjects related to organelle genetics

Salt stress --- organellar gene expression (OGE) --- Arabidopsis --- rice --- mitochondrial transcription termination factors (mTERFs) --- pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins --- DEAD-box RNA helicases (RHs)-containing proteins --- RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs)-containing proteins --- SIGMA FACTOR 5 --- PLASTID-SPECIFIC RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN 2 --- chloroplast genome --- free-standing ORFs --- introns --- phylogenetic analysis --- taxonomic study --- Trentepohlia odorata --- Trentepohliales --- Macrosolen --- Macrosolen cochinchinensis --- Macrosolen tricolor --- Macrosolen bibracteolatus --- Santalales --- gene loss --- phylogenetic relationship --- Utricularia amethystina --- Lentibulariaceae --- chloroplast phylogenomics --- organelle genome --- carnivorous plants --- polymorphic species --- intraspecific variation --- ndh genes --- genome structure --- genome evolution --- DNA transfer --- nuclear integrants of plastid DNA (NUPT) --- nuclear integrants of mitochondrial DNA (NUMT) --- legumes --- clover --- organelle genetics --- mitochondria --- endosymbiotic gene transfer --- gene fission --- common bean --- Phaseolus vulgaris --- mitochondrial genome --- comparative genomics --- phylogeny --- soybean --- yellow leaf mutant --- photosynthesis --- chloroplast RNA editing --- chloroplast --- SWNTs --- morphogenic regulators --- CRISPR --- protoplast regeneration --- chloroplast gene expression --- environmental stress response --- transcription --- RNA metabolism --- translation --- complex I --- intron splicing --- maturase --- NDH --- RNA editing --- n/a

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The book has 25 articles about the status and new directions in forensic genetics. Approximately half of the articles are invited reviews, and the remaining articles deal with new forensic genetic methods. The articles cover aspects such as sampling DNA evidence at the scene of a crime; DNA transfer when handling evidence material and how to avoid DNA contamination of items, laboratory, etc.; identification of body fluids and tissues with RNA; forensic microbiome analysis with molecular biology methods as a supplement to the examination of human DNA; forensic DNA phenotyping for predicting visible traits such as eye, hair, and skin colour; new ancestry informative DNA markers for estimating ethnic origin; new genetic genealogy methods for identifying distant relatives that cannot be identified with conventional forensic DNA typing; sensitive DNA methods, including single-cell DNA analysis and other highly specialised and sensitive methods to examine ancient DNA from unidentified victims of war; forensic animal genetics; genetics of visible traits in dogs; statistical tools for interpreting forensic DNA analyses, including the most used IT tools for forensic STR-typing and DNA sequencing; haploid markers (Y-chromosome and mitochondria DNA); inference of ethnic origin; a comprehensive logical framework for the interpretation of forensic genetic DNA data; and an overview of the ethical aspects of modern forensic genetics.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Genetics (non-medical) --- TaqMan SNP genotyping --- OpenArray™ system --- forensic DNA phenotyping --- forensic DNA typing --- animal forensics --- wildlife forensics --- cat STRs --- dog STRs --- cyt b --- COI --- biogeographic ancestry --- pigmentation --- skin color --- externally visible characteristics --- forensic genetics --- eye colour --- rs12913832 --- DNA phenotyping --- domestic dog (Canis familiaris) --- canine DNA phenotyping --- forensic --- proof of concept study --- evidence --- Y-STR --- mtDNA --- mitochondria --- bio-geographical ancestry --- massively parallel sequencing --- ancestry informative markers --- SNPs --- 1000 Genomes --- Human Origins SNP array --- FDP --- HIrisPlex-S --- DEPArray --- ancestry prediction --- phenotype prediction --- next-generation sequencing --- single-cell genomics --- single-cell sequencing --- mixture deconvolution --- low template DNA --- ltDNA --- probabilistic genotyping --- EuroForMix --- DNAStatistX --- STRmixTM --- DNA forensics --- DNA mixture --- mixture interpretation --- single-cell --- clustering algorithm --- number of contributors --- consensus profile --- cross-amplification --- microsatellites --- Strigiformes --- illegal trade --- kinship --- nocturnal raptors --- review --- body fluid --- organ --- tissue --- identification --- mRNA --- DNA methylation --- activity level --- massively parallel sequencing (MPS) --- next-generation sequencing (NGS) --- short tandem repeat (STR) --- sequence analysis --- software --- DNA transfer --- DNA persistence --- DNA prevalence --- DNA recovery --- activity level evaluation --- forensic science --- ethics --- ethics as lived practice --- decision-making --- genetic databasing --- forensic genealogy --- forensic epigenetics --- communication --- database --- SNP --- next generation sequencing --- hybridization capture --- bone --- transfer --- persistence --- activity --- Bayesian networks --- burglary --- CODIS --- touch DNA --- crime scene --- authorized --- sampling --- short tandem repeat --- forensic microbiology --- microbiome --- physical appearance --- human genome variation --- DNA-based prediction --- investigative leads --- forensic DNA intelligence --- forensic genomics --- degraded DNA --- mitochondrial DNA --- forensic DNA profiling --- ancient DNA --- human identification --- ancestry --- biostatistics --- clustering --- classification --- distance based --- likehood --- hypothesis tests --- DNA molecules --- decontamination --- cleaning strategies --- Romanov family --- next generation sequencing (NGS) --- heteroplasmy --- single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) --- kinship analyses --- biological sexing --- DNA --- principles of interpretation --- investigative --- evaluative --- reporting --- LR --- propositions --- activity issues --- TaqMan SNP genotyping --- OpenArray™ system --- forensic DNA phenotyping --- forensic DNA typing --- animal forensics --- wildlife forensics --- cat STRs --- dog STRs --- cyt b --- COI --- biogeographic ancestry --- pigmentation --- skin color --- externally visible characteristics --- forensic genetics --- eye colour --- rs12913832 --- DNA phenotyping --- domestic dog (Canis familiaris) --- canine DNA phenotyping --- forensic --- proof of concept study --- evidence --- Y-STR --- mtDNA --- mitochondria --- bio-geographical ancestry --- massively parallel sequencing --- ancestry informative markers --- SNPs --- 1000 Genomes --- Human Origins SNP array --- FDP --- HIrisPlex-S --- DEPArray --- ancestry prediction --- phenotype prediction --- next-generation sequencing --- single-cell genomics --- single-cell sequencing --- mixture deconvolution --- low template DNA --- ltDNA --- probabilistic genotyping --- EuroForMix --- DNAStatistX --- STRmixTM --- DNA forensics --- DNA mixture --- mixture interpretation --- single-cell --- clustering algorithm --- number of contributors --- consensus profile --- cross-amplification --- microsatellites --- Strigiformes --- illegal trade --- kinship --- nocturnal raptors --- review --- body fluid --- organ --- tissue --- identification --- mRNA --- DNA methylation --- activity level --- massively parallel sequencing (MPS) --- next-generation sequencing (NGS) --- short tandem repeat (STR) --- sequence analysis --- software --- DNA transfer --- DNA persistence --- DNA prevalence --- DNA recovery --- activity level evaluation --- forensic science --- ethics --- ethics as lived practice --- decision-making --- genetic databasing --- forensic genealogy --- forensic epigenetics --- communication --- database --- SNP --- next generation sequencing --- hybridization capture --- bone --- transfer --- persistence --- activity --- Bayesian networks --- burglary --- CODIS --- touch DNA --- crime scene --- authorized --- sampling --- short tandem repeat --- forensic microbiology --- microbiome --- physical appearance --- human genome variation --- DNA-based prediction --- investigative leads --- forensic DNA intelligence --- forensic genomics --- degraded DNA --- mitochondrial DNA --- forensic DNA profiling --- ancient DNA --- human identification --- ancestry --- biostatistics --- clustering --- classification --- distance based --- likehood --- hypothesis tests --- DNA molecules --- decontamination --- cleaning strategies --- Romanov family --- next generation sequencing (NGS) --- heteroplasmy --- single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) --- kinship analyses --- biological sexing --- DNA --- principles of interpretation --- investigative --- evaluative --- reporting --- LR --- propositions --- activity issues