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Dna: analysis.

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From ABO typing during the first half of the 20th century, to the use of enzymes and protein contained in blood serums and finally direct DNA typing, biology has been serving forensic purposes for many decades. Statistics, in turn, has been constantly underpinning the discussions of the probative value of results of biological analyses, in particular when defendants could not be considered as excluded as potential sources because of different genetic traits. The marriage between genetics and statistics has never been an easy one, though, as is illustrated by fierce arguments that peaked in the so-called "DNA wars" in some American courtrooms in the mid-1990s. This controversy has contributed to a lively production of research and publications on various interpretative topics, such as the collection of relevant data, foundations in population genetics as well as theoretical and practical considerations in probability and statistics. Both DNA profiling as a technique and the associated statistical considerations are now widely accepted as robust, but this does not yet guarantee or imply a neat transition to their application in court. Indeed, statistical principles applied to results of forensic DNA profiling analyses are a necessary, yet not a sufficient preliminary requirement for the contextually meaningful use of DNA in the law. Ultimately, the appropriate use of DNA in the forensic context relies on inference, i.e. reasoning reasonably in the face of uncertainty. This is all the more challenging that such thought processes need to be adopted by stakeholders from various backgrounds and holding diverse interests. Although several topics of the DNA controversy have been settled over time, some others are still debated (such as the question of how to deal with the probability of error), while yet others - purportedly settled topics - saw some recent revivals (e.g., the question of how to deal with database searches). In addition, new challenging topics have emerged over the last decade, such as the analysis and interpretation of traces containing only low quantities of DNA where artefacts of varying nature may affect results. Both technical and interpretative research involving statistics thus represent areas where ongoing research is necessary, and where scholars from the natural sciences and the law should collaborate. The articles in this Research Topic thus aim to investigate, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the current understanding of the strengths and limitations of DNA profiling results in legal applications. This Research Topic accepts contributions in all frontiers article type categories and places an emphasis on topics with a multidisciplinary perspective that explore (while not being limited to) statistical genetics for forensic scientists, case studies and reports, evaluation and interpretation of forensic findings, communication of expert findings to laypersons, quantitative legal reasoning and fact-finding using probability.

Biology - General --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- probability theory --- interpretation --- Bacterial DNA --- Statistics and the law --- Forensic DNA profiling --- Low-template DNA analysis --- Commercialization --- DNA transfer --- forensic molecular biology

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With the progress of nanoscience and biotechnology, advanced electrochemical biosensors have been widely investigated for various application fields. Such electrochemical sensors are well suited to miniaturization and integration for portable devices and parallel processing chips. Therefore, advanced electrochemical biosensors can open a new era in health care, drug discovery, and environmental monitoring. This Special Issue serves the need to promote exploratory research and development on emerging electrochemical biosensor technologies while aiming to reflect on the current state of research in this emerging field.

Technology: general issues --- dopamine --- sensor --- microelectrode array --- brain --- conducting polymers --- biosensors --- electrochemistry --- bioanalyte --- maple syrup urine disease --- branched-chain amino acids --- electrochemical (bio)sensing --- biosensing --- DNA analysis --- forensics --- aptasensor --- MoS2 --- pesticide --- neonicotinoid --- capacitance --- integrated biosensors --- lab-on-a-chip --- immunosensors --- aptasensors --- medical diagnostics --- nanomaterials --- advanced sensing platforms --- environmental monitoring --- dopamine --- sensor --- microelectrode array --- brain --- conducting polymers --- biosensors --- electrochemistry --- bioanalyte --- maple syrup urine disease --- branched-chain amino acids --- electrochemical (bio)sensing --- biosensing --- DNA analysis --- forensics --- aptasensor --- MoS2 --- pesticide --- neonicotinoid --- capacitance --- integrated biosensors --- lab-on-a-chip --- immunosensors --- aptasensors --- medical diagnostics --- nanomaterials --- advanced sensing platforms --- environmental monitoring

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With the progress of nanoscience and biotechnology, advanced electrochemical biosensors have been widely investigated for various application fields. Such electrochemical sensors are well suited to miniaturization and integration for portable devices and parallel processing chips. Therefore, advanced electrochemical biosensors can open a new era in health care, drug discovery, and environmental monitoring. This Special Issue serves the need to promote exploratory research and development on emerging electrochemical biosensor technologies while aiming to reflect on the current state of research in this emerging field.

Technology: general issues --- dopamine --- sensor --- microelectrode array --- brain --- conducting polymers --- biosensors --- electrochemistry --- bioanalyte --- maple syrup urine disease --- branched-chain amino acids --- electrochemical (bio)sensing --- biosensing --- DNA analysis --- forensics --- aptasensor --- MoS2 --- pesticide --- neonicotinoid --- capacitance --- integrated biosensors --- lab-on-a-chip --- immunosensors --- aptasensors --- medical diagnostics --- nanomaterials --- advanced sensing platforms --- environmental monitoring

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The introduction and widespread implementation of newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) has offered earlier diagnosis and better outcomes for children with CF in many countries of the world. It represents a paradigm shift in the diagnostic pathway for these families. In contrast to a clinical diagnosis, infants are now referred for diagnostic testing after a positive NBS result. The introduction of NBS has enabled the provision of early appropriate treatment to prevent the manifestations of the disease. In the near future, early diagnosis will facilitate the prompt use of new CFTR modulator therapies that correct the basic underlying molecular defect. NBS for CF has been a global success but continues to raise questions with many varied approaches and the development of new technologies, in particular the ability to undertake extensive gene examination. Which is the best protocol to achieve high sensitivity and specificity, and how to evaluate and manage infants with inconclusive diagnosis are all subjects of ongoing discussion. It is also open to question: what is the best approach to informing and counselling the parents about a positive or inconclusive NBS result? These questions are not easy to answer and require a balanced solution that reflects the local health care system and may appropriately result in different answers around the globe. The articles in this book try to answer these questions and give an overview of the current state of knowledge in NBS for CF.

Medicine --- newborn screening --- immunoreactive trypsin(ogen) --- dried blood spot --- radioimmunoassay --- DNA --- cystic fibrosis --- incidence --- malnutrition --- cost --- health policy --- CF transmembrane conductance regulator-related metabolic syndrome --- CF screen positive --- inconclusive diagnosis --- DNA analysis --- next generation sequencing --- extended genetic analysis --- presumptive diagnosis --- sweat test --- parental information --- newborn bloodspot screening --- psychological impact --- biochemical screening --- pancreatitis associated protein --- immunoreactive trypsinogen --- cystic fibrosis screen positive --- inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID) --- bioethics --- newborn screen --- target disorder --- missed case --- sensitivity --- CFSPID --- immunoreactive trypsin --- meconium ileus --- diagnosis --- therapy --- prognosis --- newborn screening --- immunoreactive trypsin(ogen) --- dried blood spot --- radioimmunoassay --- DNA --- cystic fibrosis --- incidence --- malnutrition --- cost --- health policy --- CF transmembrane conductance regulator-related metabolic syndrome --- CF screen positive --- inconclusive diagnosis --- DNA analysis --- next generation sequencing --- extended genetic analysis --- presumptive diagnosis --- sweat test --- parental information --- newborn bloodspot screening --- psychological impact --- biochemical screening --- pancreatitis associated protein --- immunoreactive trypsinogen --- cystic fibrosis screen positive --- inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID) --- bioethics --- newborn screen --- target disorder --- missed case --- sensitivity --- CFSPID --- immunoreactive trypsin --- meconium ileus --- diagnosis --- therapy --- prognosis