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This book is a printed version of the papers published in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers and the editorial, from 28 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.

Technology: general issues --- energy management strategy (EMS) --- distributed generator (DG) --- state of charge (SoC) --- circuit breaker (CB) --- standard test condition (STC) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- solar --- microgrid --- droop control --- patrol base --- islanded DC microgrid --- battery-only operation --- constant power load --- CPL --- floating DC bus --- stability criterion --- power management --- AC/DC distribution network --- distributed generator --- planning --- timing characteristics --- genetic-ant colony hybrid algorithm --- forest microgrid --- biomass energy --- operation mode-based sectional coordinated control --- hybrid energy storage --- predictive control --- inertia improvement --- unbalanced electric bridge --- DC insulation monitoring --- ground capacitance --- three-point climbing algorithm --- islanding detection --- DC grid --- active islanding detection method --- injected signal cancellation --- multi-distributed generations --- perturbation signal --- photovoltaic system --- direct current (DC) microgrid --- stability --- constant power loads --- large transmission line inductive --- simplified circuit model --- virtual negative inductance --- micro-grid --- hybrid micro-grid --- smart grid --- battery energy storage --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- hybrid vehicles (HEV) --- full-electric vehicles (EV) --- Bidirectional converters --- direct current (DC) grid --- hybrid microgrid --- bidirectional converters

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This book is a printed version of the papers published in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers and the editorial, from 28 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.

energy management strategy (EMS) --- distributed generator (DG) --- state of charge (SoC) --- circuit breaker (CB) --- standard test condition (STC) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- solar --- microgrid --- droop control --- patrol base --- islanded DC microgrid --- battery-only operation --- constant power load --- CPL --- floating DC bus --- stability criterion --- power management --- AC/DC distribution network --- distributed generator --- planning --- timing characteristics --- genetic-ant colony hybrid algorithm --- forest microgrid --- biomass energy --- operation mode-based sectional coordinated control --- hybrid energy storage --- predictive control --- inertia improvement --- unbalanced electric bridge --- DC insulation monitoring --- ground capacitance --- three-point climbing algorithm --- islanding detection --- DC grid --- active islanding detection method --- injected signal cancellation --- multi-distributed generations --- perturbation signal --- photovoltaic system --- direct current (DC) microgrid --- stability --- constant power loads --- large transmission line inductive --- simplified circuit model --- virtual negative inductance --- micro-grid --- hybrid micro-grid --- smart grid --- battery energy storage --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- hybrid vehicles (HEV) --- full-electric vehicles (EV) --- Bidirectional converters --- direct current (DC) grid --- hybrid microgrid --- bidirectional converters

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Renewable energies are becoming a must to counteract the consequences of the global warming. More efficient devices and better control strategies are required in the generation, transport, and conversion of electricity. Energy is processed by power converters that are currently the key building blocks in modern power distribution systems. The associated electrical architecture is based on buses for energy distribution and uses a great number of converters for interfacing both input and output energy. This book shows that sliding-mode control is contributing to improve the performances of power converters by means of accurate theoretical analyses that result in efficient implementations. The sliding-mode control of power converters for renewable energy applications offers a panoramic view of the most recent uses of this regulation technique in practical cases. By presenting examples that range from dozens of kilowatts to only a few watts, the book covers control solutions for AC–DC and DC–AC generation, power factor correction, multilevel converters, constant-power load supply, wind energy systems, efficient lighting, digital control implementation, multiphase converters, and energy harvesting. The selected examples developed by recognized specialists are illustrated by means of detailed simulations and experiments to help the reader to understand the theoretical approach in each case considered in the book.

History of engineering & technology --- output regulation --- state feedback --- sliding mode control --- DC-DC power converter --- DC-DC converters --- boost converter --- constant power load (CPL) --- fixed switching frequency --- sliding-mode control --- inrush current mitigation --- Induction Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamps (IEFL) --- High-Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID) --- loss-free resistor (LFR) --- two-loop digital control --- buck converter --- input-output linearization --- PWM --- sliding mode --- DC-DC converter --- multiphase converter --- disturbance observer --- electric vehicles --- power-hardware-in-the-loop --- renewable energy systems --- fast dynamic response --- wind energy conversion system --- series-series-compensated wireless power transfer system --- energy harvesting --- isolated SEPIC converter --- high power factor rectifier --- isolated PFC rectifier --- bridgeless rectifier --- DC distribution bus --- microinverter --- sliding mode control (SMC), self-oscillating system --- two cascaded-boosts converters --- decision making --- design concept --- doubly-fed induction generator --- grid-side converter --- harmonic distortion --- multi-objective optimisation --- second-order sliding-mode control --- tuning --- unbalanced voltage --- wind power generation --- harvesting --- inductive transducer --- loss free resistor --- dc-to-dc converter --- DFIG --- adaptive-gain second-order sliding mode --- direct power control --- balanced and unbalanced grid voltage --- Lyapunov-based filter design --- constant power load --- Sliding Mode controlled power module --- zero dynamics stability --- modular multilevel converter --- Lyapunov stability --- dual boost inverter --- step-up inverter --- grid connection --- sliding mode control (SMC) --- power converter --- continuous signal generator --- equivalent control --- AC-DC power converter --- wind energy --- control --- dual-stator winding induction generator --- second order sliding mode

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Electrical power systems are evolving at the generation, transmission, and distribution levels. At distribution level, small generating and storage units—the so-called distributed energy sources (DERs)—are being installed close to consumption sites. The expansion of DERs is empowering renewable energy source integration and, as a consequence, new actors are appearing in electrical systems. Among them, the prosumer is a game-changer; the fruit of the behavior transformation of the consumer who has not only the ability to consume power but also to produce it. Microgrids can be understood as DER installations that have the capability of both grid-connected and grid-isolated operation. During the last decades, there has been a significant deployment of microgrids (e.g., in countries like the United States, Switzerland, and Denmark) and a consequent increase in renewable energy generation. This is contributing to the decarbonization of electrical power systems. However, the variability and intermittency of renewable sources introduce uncertainty, which implies a more complex operation and control. Taking into account that existing and future planned microgrids are being/going to be interconnected to the current electrical network, challenges in terms of design, operation, and control at power system level need to be addressed, considering existing regulations.

energy management system --- buck-boost converter --- generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) communication --- stochastic optimization --- optimal dispatch --- decision tree --- coordinated control --- optimization --- congestion problems --- distributed optimization --- IEC 61850 Standard --- distributed energy resources (DERs) --- technical and economic optimization --- reliability evaluation --- power quality disturbances --- renewable --- DC microgrid --- HESS --- ruleless EV --- extension theory --- network planning --- integrated electrical and thermal grids --- reliability --- photovoltaic feasibility --- flexibility --- microgrid test facility --- microgrid --- multiresolution --- small-scale standalone microgrid --- IEC 61850 --- direct search method (DSM) --- maximum electrical efficiency --- load frequency control (LFC) --- droop control --- flexible generation --- grid independence --- frequency control --- particle swarm optimization --- battery storage --- microgrid stability controller (MSC) --- doubly fed induction machine --- coordinative optimization of energy --- power distribution --- hierarchical control scheme --- grounding --- operation --- electric energy market --- nonlinear programming --- cost and life --- total sliding-mode control --- distributed energy resource --- vehicle information system --- peak-cut --- smoothing wind power --- genetic algorithm --- medium-voltage networks --- vehicle-to-grid --- devices scheduling --- microgrids --- energy storage --- electric vehicle --- energy efficiency --- active filter --- embedded system --- multivariable generalized predictive control (MGPC) --- load power sharing --- flywheel energy storage (FES) --- renewable sources --- telecommunication power management --- micro-grid --- smart inverter --- distributed generation --- storage systems --- electric vehicle (EV) --- microgrid (MG) --- mesh configuration --- residential users --- renewable energy source --- radial configuration --- S-transform --- optimal power flow --- solid oxide fuel cell --- vehicle-to-grid (V2G) --- communication delay --- current harmonic reduction --- smart grids --- inrush current --- flexible and configurable architecture --- optimal capacity --- ESS effective rate --- smart grid --- multi-agent --- distributed energy resources --- regular EV --- peak-shift --- datacenter --- deterministic optimization --- plug and play --- chaos synchronization detection --- residential power systems --- power quality --- combined power generation system --- DC distribution --- isolated grid --- coordinated control strategy --- DC architectures --- predictive control --- demand-side management --- distributed generation (DG) --- curtailment