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On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 presents significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres as well as to the economies of each country. The morbidity and mortality due to infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 have been significant despite the short duration since its discovery and initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics. It influences everyone, and countermeasures have been dramatic in their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This Special Issue provides an avenue for authors from various disciplines to provide feedback on our responses and preparedness to COVID-19 globally as well as to disseminate critical information about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the associated COVID-19 pandemic. It consists of 22 peer-reviewed papers that cover worldwide perspectives encompasses the following: Original articles about COVID-19 (including epidemiology, modelling, clinical data, treatment, prevention, countermeasures, impacts on tropical regions, response, and preparedness);Original articles about SARS-CoV-2 (microbiology, virology, transmission, pathology, and vaccinology);Perspectives about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 (comparisons with past coronavirus outbreaks, impactful local initiatives, novel responses, and commentaries);Reviews on COVID-19 (based on systematic and narrative reviews);and Innovations (vaccine development, drug trials, and original countermeasures).

Medicine --- Environmental medicine --- COVID-19 --- SARS-CoV-2 --- hepatitis B and C --- cirrhosis --- chronic kidney disease --- alcohol-related liver disease --- nonalcoholic steatohepatitis --- necrosis --- MDR-TB --- clinical trials --- IL-6 inhibitors --- tocilizumab --- cytokine release syndrome --- cytokine storm --- operational research --- health systems --- SORT IT --- pandemics --- training --- pandemic --- endemic --- tuberculosis --- impact --- control --- overview --- malaria --- preparedness --- Africa --- emergency --- fecal calprotectin --- bowel perforation --- D-Dimer --- thrombosis --- ischemia --- efficacy --- safety --- kaletra --- lopinavir/ritonavir --- meta-analysis --- coronavirus --- SARS-CoV-1 --- MERS --- SARS --- influenza --- healthcare worker --- healthcare personnel --- general practitioners --- medical doctor --- heart transplant --- CMV --- Chagas disease --- infection --- severity --- respiratory viruses --- coinfections --- health care workers --- Philippines --- rhinovirus --- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 --- plasmodium falciparum --- differential diagnosis --- cognitive bias --- diagnostic reasoning --- recurrence --- reinfection --- Bangladesh --- Kenya --- Nairobi --- presumptive tuberculosis --- TB treatment outcomes --- HIV --- antiretroviral therapy --- EpiCollect5 --- Malawi --- Lilongwe --- Zimbabwe --- Harare --- real-time operational research --- ethics --- research capacity building --- India --- Nepal --- post-acute COVID-19 syndrome --- COVID-19 vaccines --- mortality --- epidemiology --- public health --- healthcare workers --- attitudes --- perceptions --- knowledge --- n/a

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 presents significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres as well as to the economies of each country. The morbidity and mortality due to infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 have been significant despite the short duration since its discovery and initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics. It influences everyone, and countermeasures have been dramatic in their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This Special Issue provides an avenue for authors from various disciplines to provide feedback on our responses and preparedness to COVID-19 globally as well as to disseminate critical information about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the associated COVID-19 pandemic. It consists of 22 peer-reviewed papers that cover worldwide perspectives encompasses the following: Original articles about COVID-19 (including epidemiology, modelling, clinical data, treatment, prevention, countermeasures, impacts on tropical regions, response, and preparedness);Original articles about SARS-CoV-2 (microbiology, virology, transmission, pathology, and vaccinology);Perspectives about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 (comparisons with past coronavirus outbreaks, impactful local initiatives, novel responses, and commentaries);Reviews on COVID-19 (based on systematic and narrative reviews);and Innovations (vaccine development, drug trials, and original countermeasures).

COVID-19 --- SARS-CoV-2 --- hepatitis B and C --- cirrhosis --- chronic kidney disease --- alcohol-related liver disease --- nonalcoholic steatohepatitis --- necrosis --- MDR-TB --- clinical trials --- IL-6 inhibitors --- tocilizumab --- cytokine release syndrome --- cytokine storm --- operational research --- health systems --- SORT IT --- pandemics --- training --- pandemic --- endemic --- tuberculosis --- impact --- control --- overview --- malaria --- preparedness --- Africa --- emergency --- fecal calprotectin --- bowel perforation --- D-Dimer --- thrombosis --- ischemia --- efficacy --- safety --- kaletra --- lopinavir/ritonavir --- meta-analysis --- coronavirus --- SARS-CoV-1 --- MERS --- SARS --- influenza --- healthcare worker --- healthcare personnel --- general practitioners --- medical doctor --- heart transplant --- CMV --- Chagas disease --- infection --- severity --- respiratory viruses --- coinfections --- health care workers --- Philippines --- rhinovirus --- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 --- plasmodium falciparum --- differential diagnosis --- cognitive bias --- diagnostic reasoning --- recurrence --- reinfection --- Bangladesh --- Kenya --- Nairobi --- presumptive tuberculosis --- TB treatment outcomes --- HIV --- antiretroviral therapy --- EpiCollect5 --- Malawi --- Lilongwe --- Zimbabwe --- Harare --- real-time operational research --- ethics --- research capacity building --- India --- Nepal --- post-acute COVID-19 syndrome --- COVID-19 vaccines --- mortality --- epidemiology --- public health --- healthcare workers --- attitudes --- perceptions --- knowledge --- n/a

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Unhealthy food intake and insufficient physical activities are related to obesity or lifestyle diseases, which can cause cardiovascular diseases, ultimately leading to death. However, many people are not aware of the importance of these factors, especially before cardiovascular development, although there are several good food habits that can be adopted. After the development of obesity or lifestyle diseases, nutrition and exercise control with appropriate medical therapies are required. Still, many patients do not recognize the importance of these habits. After cardiovascular disease development, nutrition and exercise with optimal medical and/or interventional therapies are required. However, some patients are not able to control their food intake and physical activities. At the advanced stage of heart failure, many things are restricted, including food intake and quality of life issues. At the end of life, nutritional care should be discussed. This book, Nutrition, Exercise, and End-of-Life Discussion in the Cardiovascular Field, addresses the importance of nutrition control before and after cardiovascular disease development, which consists of 14 peer-reviewed papers that cover the general population and patients with end-stage cardiovascular diseases.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- milk intake --- mortality --- stroke --- Bayesian survival analysis --- time-to-event data --- JACC study --- unhealthy eating habits --- accumulation --- obesity --- central obesity --- general Japanese population --- atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- eicosapentaenoic acid --- docosahexaenoic acid --- arachidonic acid --- descriptive study --- heart failure --- vitamin D --- big data --- heart failure with preserved ejection fraction --- geriatric nutritional risk index --- behavioral modification stages --- nutrition counseling --- patient education --- acute coronary syndrome --- healthy behaviors --- diet --- legumes --- fish --- red/processed meat --- physical activity --- anxiety --- depression --- season --- calorie intake --- hospitalization --- malnutrition --- D-dimer --- intervention --- elderly --- cardiovascular mortality --- selenium --- coenzyme Q10 --- acylcarnitine --- brain natriuretic peptide --- cardiac function --- cardiomyopathy --- carnitine deficiency --- CPT2 --- end-stage kidney disease --- free fatty acid --- hemodialysis --- continuous glucose monitoring --- glucose fluctuation --- intracranial artery stenosis --- mean amplitude of glycemic excursions --- standard deviation --- palliative care --- end-of-life care discussion --- advance care planning --- food intake --- artificial nutrition --- onco-cardiology --- nutrition status --- cancer --- acute myocardial infarction --- plant-based dietary patterns --- grains --- nuts --- fruits --- vegetables --- cardiovascular disease