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Welsh language --- Cambrian language --- Cambric language --- Cymraeg language --- Cymric language --- Brythonic languages --- Variation. --- Usage. --- Usage --- Variation

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Welsh language. --- Cambrian language --- Cambric language --- Cymraeg language --- Cymric language --- Brythonic languages

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This book analyses the state of the Welsh language at the beginning of the twenty-first century, with contributions from leading scholars in the fields of sociology and language policy.

Welsh language. --- Welsh language --- Cambrian language --- Cambric language --- Cymraeg language --- Cymric language --- Brythonic languages --- Social aspects. --- History.

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The "Book of Aneirin" is a thirteenth-century manuscript collection of Welsh praise-poetry. In comparison with other Welsh sources of similar date, the language of this text exhibits a number of features which have been interpreted as archaisms and taken as indications of great antiquity for the text. However, particularly in syntax, claims about the status of these 'archaisms' have not been discussed in the context of the grammatical organisation of the text as a whole. This book approaches various aspects of grammar against the background of a comprehensive edition of the finite verbal clauses of the text. Syntactic analysis of the data-base so established takes its point of departure from the relationship of the verb with its arguments in the clause, and is concentrated on two issues: 1. the type and status of basic word order in the text; 2. the interaction of the semantics of the predication with the pragmatics of communication of information. It is argued that, as would be expected for a Welsh text, the basic order is VSO, but also, and more importantly, that the text does not contain 'archaic' evidence of any earlier, different basic orders. Rather it is argued that word-order variation in the text can be rigorously analysed in terms of a model of functional syntax which is sensitive to both the pragmatics of the text and the semantics of the predications involved. In the light of these results, argumentation concerning historical syntax and especially reconstruction of syntax are evaluated, both in the field of Celtic and in wider cross-language perspective. Finally, the edition of the finite clauses of the text is followed by a number of notes discussing historical and synchronic aspects of the material presented, with particular emphasis on morphology and etymology.

Welsh language --- Cambrian language --- Cambric language --- Cymraeg language --- Cymric language --- Brythonic languages --- Verb. --- Syntax. --- Morphology. --- Etymology. --- Aneirin --- Language.

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The book provides a descriptive account of the semantics of three grammatical areas in informal Welsh: inflections of finite verbs, perfect aspect, and progressive aspect. The analyses distinguish context-independent primary meanings from other meanings which are due to implications and contextual effects. The inflections convey factuality, tense, (morphological) aspect, and habituality, but the inflections and their meanings are differently distributed over different sorts of verbs. The analysis of factuality outlines different sorts of counterfactual situations, and discusses whether counterfactual meaning can best be accounted for in terms of true statements in imagined possible worlds or in terms of false statements in the actual world. The analysis of tense argues that it conveys evaluation time and not situation time, which can be different to evaluation time, and that tense is not a collection of simple labels like 'past' or 'present' but is a combination of two times, a deictic reference time and a relative evaluation time, which organize the tenses as a system. Morphological aspect is discussed in terms of perfective and imperfective meanings. Habituality is a property of situations which can be described by all inflections but the study shows that bod 'be' alone has specialized forms to convey habituality. The discussion of the perfect aspect considers the appropriateness of anterior time, retrospective view, and current relevance to account for its meaning. The author argues that the progressive aspect conveys a durative view and the non-progressive a non-durative view, and shows that the progressive can describe situations which are described by the non-progressive in other languages. The study also considers whether other expressions can be aspect markers. The book shows that the primary meanings of the three grammatical areas are subject to various constraints.

Welsh language --- Grammar --- Pragmatics --- Gallois (Langue) --- Verb --- Discourse analysis. --- Verbe --- Analyse du discours --- Cambrian language --- Cambric language --- Cymraeg language --- Cymric language --- Brythonic languages --- Verb. --- Semantics. --- Welsh/ Language.