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Sleep disorders --- Sleep-wake cycle. --- Cycle, Sleep-wake --- Sleep cycle --- Wake-sleep cycle --- Circadian rhythms --- Patterns, Sleep --- Sleep patterns --- Diagnosis. --- Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. --- DSM

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Sleep-wake cycle. --- Sleep. --- Sleep Habits --- Sleeping Habit --- Sleeping Habits --- Habit, Sleep --- Habit, Sleeping --- Habits, Sleep --- Habits, Sleeping --- Sleep Habit --- Sleepiness --- Cycle, Sleep-wake --- Patterns, Sleep --- Sleep cycle --- Sleep patterns --- Wake-sleep cycle --- Circadian rhythms

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Sleep --- Circadian Rhythm --- Sleep-wake cycle. --- Circadian rhythms. --- Cycle veille-sommeil --- Rythmes circadiens --- physiology. --- Circadian rhythm --- Circadian rhythms --- Sleep-wake cycle --- Cycle, Sleep-wake --- Sleep cycle --- Wake-sleep cycle --- Behavior, Circadian --- Biological clocks, Daily --- Circadian behavior --- Circadian clocks --- Circadian cycles --- Clocks, Circadian --- Cycles, Circadian --- Daily activity cycles --- Daily biological clocks --- Diel cycles --- Diurnal rhythms --- Rhythms, Circadian --- Biological rhythms --- physiology --- Patterns, Sleep --- Sleep patterns --- Physiology.

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Wakefulness is a necessary, active and periodic brain state, with a circadian and homeostatic regulation and precisely meshed with other states into the sleep-wakefulness cycle. This monograph first overviews the historical background and current understanding of the neuronal systems generating and/or maintaining the various phases of the sleep-wakefulness cycle. A key cellular correlate of wakefulness is a sustained mode of high activity and plasticity in the closely intertwined circuits of the cortex and thalamus, the “thalamo-cerebral cortex unity”. The second part of the monograph provides an in-depth review of recent advances on the anatomy, physiology and neurochemistry of the neuronal groups known to drive the “thalamo-cerebral cortex unity” into their wakefulness mode, and to keep them in such mode. Interestingly, these neuronal groups are located in the brainstem, hypothalamus or basal forebrain; collectively, they are known as the “ascending reticular activating system”. Neurotransmitter-specific pathways arising from these neuronal groups target the thalamus and cortex. The various neurotransmitters interact on postsynaptic cortical or thalamic cells to fine-tune their excitability and plasticity, exerting powerful influences on the perceptual and cognitive processes as well as attentional, emotional, motivational, behavioral and arousal states. In turn, corticofugal axons reach the neuronal groups of the “ascending reticular activating system”, and thus the awake “thalamo-cerebral cortex unity” is in position to modulate their activity.

Sleep. --- Wakefulness. --- Sleep-wake cycle --- Wakefulness --- Psychophysiology --- Central Nervous System --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Arousal --- Nervous System --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Sleep --- Brain --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Anatomy --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Phenomena and Processes --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Neurology --- Neuroscience --- Physiology --- Physiological aspects --- Sleep-wake cycle. --- Cycle, Sleep-wake --- Sleep cycle --- Wake-sleep cycle --- Sleeplessness --- Medicine. --- Neurosciences. --- Biomedicine. --- Circadian rhythms --- Arousal (Physiology) --- Consciousness --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system

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Circadian Rhythm. --- Sleep Wake Disorders. --- Sleep. --- Work. --- Circadian rhythms --- Performance --- Sleep --- Sleep deprivation --- Sleep-wake cycle --- Cycle, Sleep-wake --- Sleep cycle --- Wake-sleep cycle --- Deprivation, Sleep --- Stress (Physiology) --- Sleeping --- Slumber --- Health --- Psychophysiology --- Rest --- Subconsciousness --- Dreams --- Hypnagogia --- Competence --- Work --- Behavior, Circadian --- Biological clocks, Daily --- Circadian behavior --- Circadian clocks --- Circadian cycles --- Clocks, Circadian --- Cycles, Circadian --- Daily activity cycles --- Daily biological clocks --- Diel cycles --- Diurnal rhythms --- Rhythms, Circadian --- Biological rhythms --- Physical Exertion --- Sleep, Slow-Wave --- Sleep, Slow Wave --- Slow-Wave Sleep --- Long Sleeper Syndrome --- Short Sleep Phenotype --- Short Sleeper Syndrome --- Sleep-Related Neurogenic Tachypnea --- Subwakefullness Syndrome --- Sleep Disorders --- Disorder, Sleep --- Disorder, Sleep Wake --- Disorders, Sleep --- Disorders, Sleep Wake --- Long Sleeper Syndromes --- Neurogenic Tachypnea, Sleep-Related --- Neurogenic Tachypneas, Sleep-Related --- Phenotype, Short Sleep --- Phenotypes, Short Sleep --- Short Sleep Phenotypes --- Short Sleeper Syndromes --- Sleep Disorder --- Sleep Phenotypes, Short --- Sleep Related Neurogenic Tachypnea --- Sleep Wake Disorder --- Sleep-Related Neurogenic Tachypneas --- Sleeper Syndrome, Long --- Sleeper Syndrome, Short --- Sleeper Syndromes, Long --- Sleeper Syndromes, Short --- Subwakefullness Syndromes --- Syndrome, Long Sleeper --- Syndrome, Short Sleeper --- Syndrome, Subwakefullness --- Syndromes, Long Sleeper --- Syndromes, Short Sleeper --- Syndromes, Subwakefullness --- Tachypnea, Sleep-Related Neurogenic --- Tachypneas, Sleep-Related Neurogenic --- Wake Disorder, Sleep --- Wake Disorders, Sleep --- Ultradian Rhythms --- Diurnal Rhythm --- Nyctohemeral Rhythm --- Twenty-Four Hour Rhythm --- Circadian Rhythms --- Diurnal Rhythms --- Nyctohemeral Rhythms --- Rhythm, Circadian --- Rhythm, Diurnal --- Rhythm, Nyctohemeral --- Rhythm, Twenty-Four Hour --- Rhythm, Ultradian --- Rhythms, Diurnal --- Rhythms, Nyctohemeral --- Rhythms, Twenty-Four Hour --- Rhythms, Ultradian --- Twenty Four Hour Rhythm --- Twenty-Four Hour Rhythms --- Ultradian Rhythm --- Biological Clocks --- Photoperiod --- Chronotherapy --- Circadian Clocks --- Sleep Hygiene --- Nycthemeral Rhythm --- Nycthemeral Rhythms --- Rhythm, Nycthemeral --- Rhythms, Nycthemeral --- Circadian Rhythm --- Sleep Wake Disorders --- Sleepiness --- Sleep Habits --- Sleeping Habit --- Sleeping Habits --- Habit, Sleep --- Habit, Sleeping --- Habits, Sleep --- Habits, Sleeping --- Sleep Habit --- Patterns, Sleep --- Sleep patterns