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International legal scholars tend to think of their work as the interpretation of rules: the application of a law 'out there' to concrete situations. This book takes a different approach to that scholarship: it views doctrine as a socio-linguistic practice. In other words, this book views legal scholars not as law-appliers, but as constructing knowledge within a particular academic discipline. By means of three close-ups of the discourse on cyberwar and international law, this book shows how international legal knowledge is constructed in ways usually overlooked: by means of footnotes, for example, or conference presentations. In so doing, this book aims to present a new way of seeing international legal scholarship: one that pays attention to the mundane parts of international legal texts and provides a different understanding of how international law as we know it comes about.

Cyberspace operations (International law) --- Cyberwarfare (International law) --- War (International law) --- International law --- Interpretation and construction.

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Addressing both scholars of international law and political science as well as decision makers involved in cybersecurity policy, the book tackles the most important and intricate legal issues that a state faces when considering a reaction to a malicious cyber operation conducted by an adversarial state. While often invoked in political debates and widely analysed in international legal scholarship, self-defence and countermeasures will often remain unavailable to states in situations of cyber emergency due to the pervasive problem of reliable and timely attribution of cyber operations to state actors. Analysing the legal questions surrounding attribution in detail, the book presents the necessity defence as an evidently available alternative. However, the shortcomings of the doctrine as based in customary international law that render it problematic as a remedy for states are examined in-depth. In light of this, the book concludes by outlining a special emergency regime for cyberspace.

Cyberwarfare (International law) --- Self-defense (International law) --- Unilateral acts (International law) --- International law --- War (International law) --- Cyberspace operations (International law)

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Computer security --- Cyberterrorism --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Attacks on computers --- Computer attacks --- Cyber attacks --- Cyber terrorism --- Cyber war --- Cyberwarfare --- Electronic terrorism (Cyberterrorism) --- Computer crimes --- Terrorism

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Computer security --- Cyberterrorism. --- Attacks on computers --- Computer attacks --- Cyber attacks --- Cyber terrorism --- Cyber war --- Cyberwarfare --- Electronic terrorism (Cyberterrorism) --- Computer crimes --- Terrorism

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Attribution is of primary importance when classifying it as a criminal act, an act of war, or an act of terrorism. Three assumptions dominate current thinking: attribution is a technical problem; it is unsolvable; and it is unique. Approaching attribution as a problem forces us to consider it either as solved or unsolved. Yet attribution is far more nuanced, and is best approached as a process in constant flux, driven by judicial and political pressures. This work examines this important topic.

Cyberterrorism. --- Cyberterrorism --- Hackers. --- Prevention. --- Computer hackers --- Computer programmers --- Computer users --- Attacks on computers --- Computer attacks --- Cyber attacks --- Cyber terrorism --- Cyber war --- Cyberwarfare --- Electronic terrorism (Cyberterrorism) --- Computer crimes --- Terrorism