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To carry out their various missions (collecting revenue, facilitating trade, and ensuring security), many customs administrations have established a risk management unit. In developing countries, however, because of the lack of dedicated human and material resources, intelligence and risk analysis remain insufficiently developed. In view of the lack of resources, this paper proposes a simple methodology aiming at detecting risky import operations. The mirror analysis first helps to identify and target products or sectors with the greatest risk. Based on the examination of customs declarations patterns (data mining), it is possible to identify and target higher risk economic operators (importers and customs brokers). When implemented in Madagascar, this method has helped to reveal probable fraud cases in the present context of customs reform. Estimates suggest that, in 2014, customs fraud reduced non-oil customs revenues (duties and import value-added tax) by at least 30 percent.
Customs Fraud --- Customs Reform --- Mirror Statistics --- Tax Evasion --- Madagascar
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How has the Japanese government persuaded its citizens to save substantial portions of their incomes? And to care for the elderly within the family? How did the public come to support legalized prostitution as in the national interest? What roles have women's groups played in Japan's "economic miracle"? What actually unites the Japanese to achieve so many economic and social goals that have eluded other polities? Here Sheldon Garon helps us to understand this mobilizing spirit as he taps into the intimate relationships everyday Japanese have with their government. To an extent inconceivable to most Westerners, state directives trickle into homes, religious groups, and even into individuals' sex lives, where they are frequently welcomed by the Japanese and reinforced by their neighbors. In a series of five compelling case studies, Garon demonstrates how average citizens have cooperated with government officials in the areas of welfare, prostitution, and household savings, and in controlling religious "cults" and promoting the political participation of women. The state's success in creating a nation of activists began before World War II, and has hinged on campaigns that mobilize the people behind various policies and encourage their involvement at the local level. For example, neighborhoods have been socially managed on a volunteer basis by small-business owners and housewives, who strive to rid their locales of indolence and to contain welfare costs. The story behind the state regulation of prostitution is a more turbulent one in which many lauded the flourishing brothels for preserving Japanese tradition and strengthening the "family system," while others condemned the sexual enslavement of young women. In each case, we see Japanese citizens working closely with the state to recreate "community" and shape the thought and behavior of fellow citizens. The policies often originate at the top, but in the hands of activists they take on added vigor. This phenomenon, which challenges the conventional dichotomy of the "state" versus the "people," is well worth exploring as Western governments consider how best to manage their own changing societies.
Japan --- Abe Isoo. --- Akamatsu Tsuneko. --- Anesaki Masaharu. --- Asahi shimbun. --- Boy Scouts of Japan. --- Bureau of Hygiene. --- Bureau of Local Affairs. --- Campaign to Beautify Japan. --- Central Charity Association. --- Edo relief shelters. --- Fascist Italy. --- First Higher School. --- Fujimura Yoshirō. --- Gauntlett Tsune. --- Gold Plan. --- Hani Motoko. --- Hani Setsuko. --- Hatoyama Haruko. --- Hommichi sect. --- Ichinomiya Fusajirō. --- Ikeda Yoshimasa, Inoue Tomoichi. --- Iwakura Tomomi. --- Japan Consumer Information Center. --- Japan Women’s College. --- Kanamori Michitomo. --- Kawasaki Natsu. --- Kusama Yasoo. --- Madonna Boom. --- Matsudaira Sadanobu. --- Narita Ryuichi. --- Ohira Masayoshi. --- Onishi Aijird. --- Poor Law of 1601 (England). --- Salvation Army. --- adultery. --- blue-line zones. --- children’s associations. --- comfort women. --- customs reform groups. --- dance halls. --- divorce. --- emperor-system ideology. --- evil cults. --- freedom of religion. --- geisha. --- laissez-faire theory. --- millenarianism. --- monogamy. --- parent-teacher associations. --- proletarian parties. --- recycling.
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