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Nanostructures. --- Induction heating. --- Curie temperature.

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The Dutch scientist Hendrik Kramers (1894-1952) was one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century--and one of a mere handful who have made major contributions across the whole field. Physicists know his name from, among other things, the Kramers dispersion theory, the Kramers-Heisenberg dispersion formulae, the Kramers opacity formula, the Kramers degeneracy, and the Kramers-Kronig relations. Yet few people know more than the name, or recognize the full depth and range of his contributions. In this book, D. ter Haar seeks to change that. He presents for the first time anywhere a comprehensive discussion of Kramers's scientific work, and reprints twelve of his most important papers. The author shows us that Kramers's remarkable and diverse work makes him at least the equal of such celebrated physicists as Fermi and Landau. He takes us through Kramers's groundbreaking research in such subjects as quantum theory, quantum electrodynamics, statistical mechanics, and solid-state physics. The papers he reprints include Kramers's derivation of the dispersion formulae that led to Heisenberg's matrix mechanics; his classic paper on the Brownian-motion approach to chemical reactions; a pioneering paper on polymers; and a paper on renormalization, a concept first introduced by Kramers and now one of the basic ideas of modern field theory. This book will change how we view the course of twentieth-century science and will show that Kramers was indeed one of the masters of modern physics.

Quantum theory --- Physicists --- History. --- Kramers, Hendrik Anthony, --- Absorption. --- Adiabatic demagnetisation. --- BKS theory. --- Birefringence. --- Boltzmann distribution. --- Brownian motion. --- Chemical reactions. --- Compton effect. --- Correspondence principle. --- Curie temperature. --- Dielectric permittivity. --- Diffusion equation. --- Dirac equation. --- Energy conservation. --- Escape probability. --- Fokker-Planck equation. --- Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. --- Gyromagnetic ratio. --- Harmonic oscillator. --- Hole theory. --- Induced dipole moment. --- Kramers degeneracy. --- Light quanta. --- Lorentz transformation. --- Magnetisation. --- Maxwell distribution. --- Multiply periodic systems. --- Oscillator strength. --- Paramagnetic rotation. --- Pauli matrices. --- Poisson brackets. --- Polarisation. --- Quantisation rules. --- Refractive index. --- Spontaneous radiation. --- Transition state method. --- Viscosity.

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This book is devoted to energy harvesting from smart materials and devices. It focusses on the latest available techniques recently published by researchers all over the world. Energy Harvesting allows otherwise wasted environmental energy to be converted into electric energy, such as vibrations, wind and solar energy. It is a common experience that the limiting factor for wearable electronics, such as smartphones or wearable bands, or for wireless sensors in harsh environments, is the finite energy stored in onboard batteries. Therefore, the answer to the battery “charge or change” issue is energy harvesting because it converts the energy in the precise location where it is needed. In order to achieve this, suitable smart materials are needed, such as piezoelectrics or magnetostrictives. Moreover, energy harvesting may also be exploited for other crucial applications, such as for the powering of implantable medical/sensing devices for humans and animals. Therefore, energy harvesting from smart materials will become increasingly important in the future. This book provides a broad perspective on this topic for researchers and readers with both physics and engineering backgrounds.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- magnetostrictive --- energy harvesting --- wearable --- magnetostrictive materials --- Galfenol --- finite element model --- iron–gallium --- measurements --- preisach model --- piezoelectric ceramics --- lead-free piezoceramics --- virtual instrument --- 3D electrospinning --- PVDF fibers --- piezoelectricity --- piezoelectric sensing --- wind energy harvesting --- snap-through motion --- dynamic stability --- variable-speed --- double-clamped --- width shapes --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- electrodes pair --- MEMS structure --- finite element method --- open circuit voltage --- moving load --- layered double hydroxide solar cell (LDHSC) --- photoactive material --- UV-Vis absorption --- dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) --- photoactive layered double hydroxide (LDH) --- transition metal modification --- optical bandgap analysis --- renewable energy --- photovoltaic device design --- iron (Fe) modified MgFeAl LDH --- triboelectric effect --- polymer and composites --- low-power devices --- thermomagnetic energy generators --- power generation --- waste heat recovery --- lumped-element modelling --- magnetic shape memory films --- Ni-Mn-Ga film --- magnetization change --- Curie temperature --- finite element simulation --- piezoelectric unit distributions --- electrical potential and energy --- von Mises stress --- PVDF --- piezoelectric material --- human body movements --- glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite --- multifunctional structural laminate --- thermal energy harvesting --- through-thickness thermal gradient --- thermoelectric generator (TEG) --- n/a --- iron-gallium

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This book is devoted to energy harvesting from smart materials and devices. It focusses on the latest available techniques recently published by researchers all over the world. Energy Harvesting allows otherwise wasted environmental energy to be converted into electric energy, such as vibrations, wind and solar energy. It is a common experience that the limiting factor for wearable electronics, such as smartphones or wearable bands, or for wireless sensors in harsh environments, is the finite energy stored in onboard batteries. Therefore, the answer to the battery “charge or change” issue is energy harvesting because it converts the energy in the precise location where it is needed. In order to achieve this, suitable smart materials are needed, such as piezoelectrics or magnetostrictives. Moreover, energy harvesting may also be exploited for other crucial applications, such as for the powering of implantable medical/sensing devices for humans and animals. Therefore, energy harvesting from smart materials will become increasingly important in the future. This book provides a broad perspective on this topic for researchers and readers with both physics and engineering backgrounds.

magnetostrictive --- energy harvesting --- wearable --- magnetostrictive materials --- Galfenol --- finite element model --- iron–gallium --- measurements --- preisach model --- piezoelectric ceramics --- lead-free piezoceramics --- virtual instrument --- 3D electrospinning --- PVDF fibers --- piezoelectricity --- piezoelectric sensing --- wind energy harvesting --- snap-through motion --- dynamic stability --- variable-speed --- double-clamped --- width shapes --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- electrodes pair --- MEMS structure --- finite element method --- open circuit voltage --- moving load --- layered double hydroxide solar cell (LDHSC) --- photoactive material --- UV-Vis absorption --- dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) --- photoactive layered double hydroxide (LDH) --- transition metal modification --- optical bandgap analysis --- renewable energy --- photovoltaic device design --- iron (Fe) modified MgFeAl LDH --- triboelectric effect --- polymer and composites --- low-power devices --- thermomagnetic energy generators --- power generation --- waste heat recovery --- lumped-element modelling --- magnetic shape memory films --- Ni-Mn-Ga film --- magnetization change --- Curie temperature --- finite element simulation --- piezoelectric unit distributions --- electrical potential and energy --- von Mises stress --- PVDF --- piezoelectric material --- human body movements --- glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite --- multifunctional structural laminate --- thermal energy harvesting --- through-thickness thermal gradient --- thermoelectric generator (TEG) --- n/a --- iron-gallium

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In recent years, people have tended to adjust the degree of order/disorder to explore new materials. The degree of order/disorder can be measured by entropy, and it can be divided into two parts: topological disordering and chemical disordering. The former mainly refers to order in the spatial configuration, e.g., amorphous alloys which show short-range ordering but without long-range ordering, while the latter mainly refers to the order in the chemical occupancy, that is to say, the components can replace each other, and typical representatives are high-entropy alloy (HEAs). HEAs, in sharp contrast to traditional alloys based on one or two principal elements, have one striking characteristic: their unusually high entropy of mixing. They have not received much noticed until the review paper entitled “Microstructure and Properties of High-Entropy Alloys” was published in 2014 in the journal of Progress in Materials Science. Numerous reports have shown they exhibit five recognized performance characteristics, namely, strength–plasticity trade-off breaking, irradiation tolerance, corrosion resistance, high-impact toughness within a wider temperature range, and high thermal stability. So far, the development of HEAs has gone through three main stages: 1. Quinary equal-atomic single-phase solid solution alloys; 2. Quaternary or quinary non-equal-atomic multiphase alloys; 3. Medium-entropy alloys, high-entropy fibers, high-entropy films, lightweight HEAs, etc. Nowadays, more in-depth research on high-entropy alloys is urgently needed.

high-entropy alloys --- alloys design --- lightweight alloys --- high entropy alloys --- elemental addition --- annealing treatment --- magnetic property --- microhardness --- in situ X-ray diffraction --- grain refinement --- thermoelectric properties --- scandium effect --- HEA --- high-entropy alloy --- CCA --- compositionally complex alloy --- phase composition --- microstructure --- wear behaviour --- metal matrix composites --- mechanical properties --- high-entropy films --- phase structures --- hardness --- solid-solution --- interstitial phase --- transmission electron microscopy --- compositionally complex alloys --- CrFeCoNi(Nb,Mo) --- corrosion --- sulfuric acid --- sodium chloride --- entropy --- multicomponent --- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) --- specific heat --- stacking-fault energy --- density functional theory --- nanoscaled high-entropy alloys --- nanodisturbances --- phase transformations --- atomic-scale unstable --- mechanical alloying --- spark plasma sintering --- nanoprecipitates --- annealing --- phase constituent --- ion irradiation --- hardening behavior --- volume swelling --- medium entropy alloy --- high-pressure torsion --- partial recrystallization --- tensile strength --- high-entropy alloys (HEAs) --- phase constitution --- magnetic properties --- Curie temperature --- phase transition --- precipitation --- strengthening --- coherent microstructure --- conventional alloys --- nanocrystalline materials --- high entropy alloy --- sputtering --- deformation and fracture --- strain rate sensitivity --- liquid phase separation --- immiscible alloys --- HEAs --- multicomponent alloys --- miscibility gaps --- multi-principal element alloys --- MPEAs --- complex concentrated alloys --- CCAs --- electron microscopy --- plasticity methods --- plasticity --- serration behavior --- alloy design --- structural metals --- CALPHAD --- solid-solution alloys --- lattice distortion --- phase transformation --- (CoCrFeNi)100−xMox alloys --- corrosion behavior --- gamma double prime nanoparticles --- elemental partitioning --- atom probe tomography --- first-principles calculations --- bcc --- phase stability --- composition scanning --- laser cladding --- high-entropy alloy coating --- AZ91D magnesium alloy --- wear --- kinetics --- deformation --- thermal expansion --- diamond --- composite --- powder metallurgy --- additive manufacturing --- low-activation high-entropy alloys (HEAs) --- high-temperature structural alloys --- microstructures --- compressive properties --- heat-softening resistance --- tensile creep behavior --- microstructural evolution --- creep mechanism --- first-principles calculation --- maximum entropy --- elastic property --- mechanical property --- recrystallization --- laser metal deposition --- elemental powder --- graded material --- refractory high-entropy alloys --- elevated-temperature yield strength --- solid solution strengthening effect --- bulk metallic glass --- complex stress field --- shear band --- flow serration --- deformation mechanism --- ab initio --- configuration entropy --- matrix formulation --- cluster expansion --- cluster variation method --- monte carlo --- thermodynamic integration --- (AlCrTiZrV)-Six-N films --- nanocomposite structure --- refractory high entropy alloys --- medium entropy alloys, mechanical properties --- thin films --- deformation behaviors --- nanocrystalline --- coating --- interface --- mechanical characterization --- high pressure --- polymorphic transition --- solidification --- eutectic dendrites --- hierarchical nanotwins --- precipitation kinetics --- strengthening mechanisms --- elongation prediction --- welding --- Hall–Petch (H–P) effect --- lattice constants --- high-entropy ceramic --- solid-state diffusion --- phase evolution --- mechanical behaviors --- high-entropy film --- low-activation alloys