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For four hundred years Sir Francis Drake's exploits have fascinated, inspired and entertained. Every age has sought to reconstruct the narrative of the great Elizabethan seafarer: the basis of his fame has shifted continually over the years, from single-handed victor over the Spanish Armada, to hero of commerce, explorer, and ruthless entrepreneur. In each incarnation, however, he has always beenportrayed to answer the demands and anxieties of each new era.

Here, for the first time, the history of Drake as a cultural icon, and of his myth, is explored, from his appearances in west-country folklore to Elizabethan poetry, from eighteenth-century garden architecture to Victorian pageants and twentieth-century films. There is a particular focus on the `long' nineteenth century, during which Drake's reputation underwent a rigorous reconstruction to present him as a hero of empire.

BRUCE WATHEN gained his PhD from Exeter University.

History in popular culture. --- Popular culture --- Drake, Francis, --- Drake, Francis --- Draeck, Franciscus --- Draque, Francisco --- Dreĭk, Frėnsis --- Дрейк, Фрэнсис --- Public opinion. --- Great Britain --- History, Naval --- Colonialism. --- Commerce. --- Cultural icon. --- Elizabethan England. --- Elizabethan seafarer. --- Entrepreneurship. --- Exploration. --- Hero of empire. --- Renaissance. --- Sir Francis Drake. --- Spanish Armada.

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The scale of the 2012 bicentenary celebrations of Dickens's birth is testimony to his status as one of the most globally popular literary authors the world has ever seen. Yet Dickens has also become associated in the public imagination with a particular version of the Victorian past and with respectability. His continued cultural prominence and the "brand recognition" achieved by his image and images suggest that his vision reaches out beyond the Victorian period. Yet what is the relationship between Dickens and the modern world? Do his works offer a consoling version of the past or are they attuned to that state of uncertainty and instability we associate with the nebulous but resonant concept of modernity? This volume positions Dickens as both a literary and a cultural icon with a complex relationship to the cultural landscape in his own period and since. It seeks to demonstrate that oppositions which have pervaded approaches to Dickens - Victorian vs modern, artist vs entertainer, culture vs commerce - are false, by exploring the diversity and multiplicity of Dickens's textual and extra-textual lives. A specially commissioned Afterword by Florian Schweizer, Director of the Dickens 2012 celebrations, offers a fascinating insight into the shaping of this year-long public programme of commemoration of Dickens. Like the volume as a whole, it asks us to consider the nature of our connection with "this quintessentially Victorian writer" and what it is about Dickens that still appeals to people around the world. Professor Juliet John holds the Hildred Carlile Chair of English Literature, Royal Holloway, University of London. Contributors: Jay Clayton, Holly Furneaux, John Drew, Michaela Mahlberg, Juliet John, Michael Hollington, Joss Marsh, Carrie Sickmann, Kim Edwardes Keates, Dominic Rainsford, Florian Schweizer.

Civilization, Modern, in literature. --- Dickens, Charles, --- Dickens, Charles --- Dikensi, Čʻarlz, --- Dickens, Karol, --- Dikens, Charlz, --- Ti-keng-ssu, --- Digengsi, --- Dikkens, Charlz, --- Dikensas, Čarlzas, --- Ṭikkan̲s, Cārls, --- Ṭikkan̲cu, Cārlacu, --- Ṭikkan̲s, Cārlas, --- Диккенс, Чарлз, --- דיקינס, צ׳רלס, --- דיקנס, ַ צ׳רלז --- דיקנס, טשרלס --- דיקנס, צ׳רלז, --- דיקנס, צ׳רלס --- דיקנס, צ׳רלס, --- דיקענס, טש --- דיקענס, טשארלז --- דיקענס, טשארלז, --- דיקענס, טש., --- דיקקענס, טשארלז --- טשרלס, דיקנס --- チャールズ.ディケンズ, --- 狄更斯查尔斯, --- Boz, --- Sparks, Timothy, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Charles Dickens. --- Dickens 2012 celebrations. --- Florian Schweizer. --- Victorian vs modern. --- bicentenary celebrations. --- cultural icon. --- culture vs commerce. --- literary icon. --- modern world.

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What is cultural about vision--or visual about culture? In this ambitious book, Whitney Davis provides new answers to these difficult and important questions by presenting an original framework for understanding visual culture. Grounded in the theoretical traditions of art history, A General Theory of Visual Culture argues that, in a fully consolidated visual culture, artifacts and pictures have been made to be seen in a certain way; what Davis calls "visuality" is the visual perspective from which certain culturally constituted aspects of artifacts and pictures are visible to informed viewers. In this book, Davis provides a systematic analysis of visuality and describes how it comes into being as a historical form of vision. Expansive in scope, A General Theory of Visual Culture draws on art history, aesthetics, the psychology of perception, the philosophy of reference, and vision science, as well as visual-cultural studies in history, sociology, and anthropology. It provides penetrating new definitions of form, style, and iconography, and draws important and sometimes surprising conclusions (for example, that vision does not always attain to visual culture, and that visual culture is not always wholly visible). The book uses examples from a variety of cultural traditions, from prehistory to the twentieth century, to support a theory designed to apply to all human traditions of making artifacts and pictures--that is, to visual culture as a worldwide phenomenon.

Art and society. --- Art --- Historiography. --- ADAPT. --- Aesthetic Theory. --- Aestheticism. --- Aesthetics. --- Allegory. --- Analogy. --- Art criticism. --- Art exhibition. --- Art for art's sake. --- Art history. --- Art of memory. --- Awareness. --- Causal theory of reference. --- Causality. --- Cognitive anthropology. --- Cognitive module. --- Color scheme. --- Comparative research. --- Concept. --- Conflation. --- Connoisseur. --- Consciousness. --- Contextualism. --- Courtauld Institute of Art. --- Cultural artifact. --- Cultural history. --- Cultural icon. --- Culturalism. --- Culture theory. --- Depiction. --- Dissemination. --- Emergence. --- Engraving. --- Explanation. --- Feminist art. --- Figurative art. --- Fine art. --- Formalism (art). --- Formality. --- Handbook. --- Historical method. --- Human figure (aesthetics). --- Iconicity. --- Iconography. --- Iconology. --- Ideation (creative process). --- Ideology. --- Illustration. --- Illustrator. --- Individuation. --- Intentionality. --- Interaction. --- Invention. --- Language-game (philosophy). --- Languages of Art. --- Level of analysis. --- Level of consciousness (Esotericism). --- Mental image. --- Metaphor. --- Narrative. --- Nominalism. --- Notation. --- Obfuscation. --- Objectivity (philosophy). --- Ontology. --- Ostensive definition. --- Performativity. --- Perspective (graphical). --- Pictorialism. --- Pigment. --- Platitude. --- Pop art. --- Positivism. --- Precognition. --- Publication. --- Reflexology. --- School of thought. --- Self-consciousness. --- Social theory. --- Sociocultural evolution. --- Sociology of culture. --- Solipsism. --- Sophistication. --- Subjectivity. --- Suggestion. --- Symbol. --- Symptom. --- Theoretical definition. --- Theory of Forms. --- Theory of art. --- Theory. --- Thought experiment. --- Thought. --- Typography. --- Visual arts. --- Visual culture. --- Visual perception. --- Visual semiotics. --- Work of art. --- Writing.