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Defined in this standard is the general process of cryptocurrency payment between consumers and merchants. This process describes how a consumer purchases goods or services with cryptocurrency and how the merchant receives fiat money in return. It involves multiple aspects such as cryptocurrency payment operators playing an agent role, consumers owning cryptocurrency, merchant accessing to a cryptocurrency payment platform, banks, and cryptocurrency exchanges.

Cryptocurrencies.

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Auch in seiner Neuauflage bereitet das vorliegende Handbuch alle wichtigen Themen aus den Bereichen Blockchain-Technologie, Kryptowährungen und Token systematisch sowie didaktisch sinnvoll auf und bietet Anwendern die Möglichkeit, sich rasch in diese neuen Gebiete einzuarbeiten. Das Handbuch stellt zunächst die ökonomischen und technischen Grundlagen von Kryptowährungen und Token dar und befasst sich dann vertieft mit deren inländischen zivil-, aufsichts-, bilanz- und steuerrechtlichen Implikationen. Neben der Seite des Emittenten wird jeweils auch die Perspektive des Inhabers von Kryptowährungen und Token beleuchtet. Anmerkungen zum Wettbewerbs-, Datenschutz-, Geldwäsche- und Strafrecht sowie internationale Perspektiven runden die Darstellung ab. Erweitert wurde die Neuauflage insbesondere um die folgenden Themen: - aktuelle Entwicklungen der deutschen wie europäischen Gesetzgebung (z.B. eWpG, MiCAR, 6. EU-Geldwäscherichtlinie), - technologische Neuerungen (z.B. NFT), - die europäische wie internationale Debatte um digitales Zentralbankgeld (CBDC), - Ausblick auf Web3 und Decentralized Finance (DeFi), - die steuerlichen und bilanziellen Aussagen im BMF-Schreiben vom 10. Mai 2022.

Cryptocurrencies.

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Capital flow management measures (CFMs) can be part of the broader policy toolkit to help countries reap the benefits of capital flows while managing the associated risks. Their implementation typically requires that financial intermediaries verify the nature of transactions and the identities of transacting parties but is facing the rising challenge of crypto assets. Indeed, crypto assets have become a significant instrument for payments and speculative investments in some countries. They can be traded pseudonymously and held without identification of the residency of the asset holder. Many crypto service providers operate across borders, making supervision and enforcement by national authorities more difficult. The challenges posed by the attributes of crypto assets are compounded by gaps in the legal and regulatory frameworks. This paper aims to discuss how crypto assets could impact the effectiveness of CFMs from a structural and longer-term perspective. To preserve the effectiveness of CFMs against crypto-related challenges, policymakers need to consider a multifaceted strategy whose essential elements include clarifying the legal status of crypto assets and ensuring that CFM laws and regulations cover them; devising a comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated regulatory approach to crypto assets and applying it effectively to CFMs; establishing international collaborative arrangements for supervision of crypto assets; addressing data gaps and leveraging technology (regtech and suptech) to create anomaly-detection models and red-flag indicators that will allow for timely risk monitoring and CFM implementation. This fintech note looks at how capital flow measures (CFMs) could be implemented with central bank digital currency (CBDC), and what benefits, risks and complexities could arise. There are several implications of the analysis. First, CBDC ecosystems should generally be designed such that they can accommodate the introduction of CFMs. Second, thanks to the programmability of the payment infrastructure given by the new digital technologies, certain CFMs could likely be implemented more efficiently and effectively with CBDC compared to the traditional system. Third, implementing CFMs requires central banks to collaborate on practices and standards. Finally, CFMs on CBDC need to operate alongside traditional CFMs.

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This paper aims to address questions by Fund members on how to respond to the rise of crypto assets and the associated risks. To frame the discussion, the paper defines and classifies crypto assets based on their underlying features and describes their purported benefits and potential risks. The paper presents a policy framework for crypto assets that aims to achieve key policy objectives such as macroeconomic stability, financial stability, consumer protection, and market and financial integrity. The framework outlines key elements that are necessary to ensure that these objectives are met. However, such a framework will not fix any underlying crypto design flaws (for instance, the lack of a credible nominal anchor, payments finality, or scalability).

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Cryptocurrencies.