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There are four species of mud crab, Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market. This is the first FAO aquaculture manual on this genus, covering everything from its basic biology and aquaculture production, through to stock packaging and being ready to go to market. Information on mud crab biology, hatchery and nursery technology, grow-out systems, disease control, processing and packaging has been collated in this manual to provide a holistic approach to mud crab aquaculture production. Compared with other types of aquaculture, mud crab culture still has a large number of variants, including: the use of seedstock collected from the wild, as well as produced from a hatchery; farming systems that range from very extensive to intensive, monoculture to polyculture; and farm sites that vary from mangrove forests to well-constructed aquaculture ponds or fattening cages. As such, there is no one way to farm mud crabs, but techniques, technologies and principles have been developed that can be adapted to meet the specific needs of farmers and governments wishing to develop mud crab aquaculture businesses. Each of the four species of Scylla has subtly different biology, which equates to variations in optimal aquaculture production techniques. Where known and documented, variants have been identified, where not, farmers, researchers and extension officers alike may have to adapt results from other species to their mud crab species of choice and local climatic variables. Compared with many other species that are the subject of industrial scale aquaculture, mud crabs can still be considered to be at an early stage of development, as the use of formulated feeds for them is still in its infancy and little work has yet been undertaken to improve stock performance through breeding programmes.

Scylla --- Crabs --- aquaculture. --- aquaculture --- Crustacean culture --- Crab culture --- Scylla (Crustacea) --- 639.3.05 --- Mangrove crabs --- Mud crabs --- Swimming crabs --- Crab aquaculture --- Crab farming --- Farming, Crab --- Shellfish culture --- 639.3.05 General questions of fish rearing --- General questions of fish rearing --- Conferences - Meetings --- 639.51 --- 639.51 Breeding of aquatic crustaceans --- Breeding of aquatic crustaceans

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Cyanobacterial blooms are a water quality problem that is widely acknowledged to have detrimental ecological and economic effects in drinking and recreational water supplies and fisheries. There is increasing evidence that cyanobacterial blooms have increased globally and are likely to expand in water resources as a result of climate change. Of most concern are cyanotoxins, along with the mechanisms that induce their release and determine their fate in the aquatic environment. These secondary metabolites pose a potential hazard to human health and agricultural and aquaculture products that are intended for animal and human consumption; therefore, strict and reliable control of cyanotoxins is crucial for assessing risk. In this direction, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that determine cyanobacterial bloom structure and toxin production has become the target of management practices. This Special Issue, entitled “Advancing Knowledge on Cyanobacterial Blooms in Freshwaters”, aims to bring together recent multi- and interdisciplinary research, from the field to the laboratory and back again, driven by working hypotheses based on any aspect of mitigating cyanobacterial blooms, from ecological theory to applied research.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- blooms --- cyanobacteria --- control --- toxins --- phenyl-acyl compounds --- caffeic acid --- non-toxic --- redox microcystin LR --- Microcystis aeruginosa --- logistic equation --- max algal population --- hydrodynamic --- mass transfer --- ecological function --- ecosystems --- harmful cyanobacterial bloom (CyanoHAB) --- proper functioning condition (PFC) --- total maximum daily load (TMDL) --- non-point source (NPS) --- point source (PS) --- Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) --- best management practice (BMP) --- stream-lake linkage --- taxonomic --- bacterial community --- environmental change --- mitten crab culture --- cyanobacteria community --- seasonal variation --- environmental factors --- potentially harmful species --- Lake Guchenghu --- man-made surface water channel --- transboundary --- nestedness --- Balkan --- Dolichospermum lemmermannii --- microcystin --- Lake Ludoš --- dissolved inorganic nitrogen --- dissolved organic carbon --- phosphonate --- subsurface methane maximum --- stoichiometry --- Synechococcus --- cyanobacterial growth --- stress responses --- Pseudanabaena galeata --- oxidative stress --- antioxidative enzymes --- freshwater --- bloom --- air temperature --- nutrients --- model --- subtropical reservoir --- functional groups --- phytoplankton --- seasonal succession --- cyanobacterial bloom --- water quality --- human and animal health --- climate change --- eutrophication --- blooms --- cyanobacteria --- control --- toxins --- phenyl-acyl compounds --- caffeic acid --- non-toxic --- redox microcystin LR --- Microcystis aeruginosa --- logistic equation --- max algal population --- hydrodynamic --- mass transfer --- ecological function --- ecosystems --- harmful cyanobacterial bloom (CyanoHAB) --- proper functioning condition (PFC) --- total maximum daily load (TMDL) --- non-point source (NPS) --- point source (PS) --- Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) --- best management practice (BMP) --- stream-lake linkage --- taxonomic --- bacterial community --- environmental change --- mitten crab culture --- cyanobacteria community --- seasonal variation --- environmental factors --- potentially harmful species --- Lake Guchenghu --- man-made surface water channel --- transboundary --- nestedness --- Balkan --- Dolichospermum lemmermannii --- microcystin --- Lake Ludoš --- dissolved inorganic nitrogen --- dissolved organic carbon --- phosphonate --- subsurface methane maximum --- stoichiometry --- Synechococcus --- cyanobacterial growth --- stress responses --- Pseudanabaena galeata --- oxidative stress --- antioxidative enzymes --- freshwater --- bloom --- air temperature --- nutrients --- model --- subtropical reservoir --- functional groups --- phytoplankton --- seasonal succession --- cyanobacterial bloom --- water quality --- human and animal health --- climate change --- eutrophication