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Coût-efficacité --- Cost benefit analysis --- Cost benefit analysis

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Irrigation --- Irrigation --- planning --- planning --- Cost benefit analysis --- Cost benefit analysis

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Den Nordiske avfallsgruppen under Nordisk ministerråd gjennomførte i 2012 en kost-nytteanalyse av et forslag til fellesnordisk pantesystem for drikkevareemballasje. I rapporten som nå foreligger dokumenteres problemstillingen, de ulike løsningsmodellene og resultatene fra analysearbeidet. Resultatene viser at et fellesnordisk pantesystem ikke er samfunnsøkonomisk lønnsomt. Derimot er det lønnsomt å rette fokus mot de store mengdene drikkevareenheter som privatimporteres til Norden fra Tyskland og Estland uten at det betales pant. Det pågår for tiden bilaterale forhandlinger mellom berørte land for å finne løsninger på dette. Å arbeide for et fellesnordisk pantesystem i kombinasjon med bilaterale avtaler vil også være samfunnsøkonomisk lønnsomt, men ikke like lønnsomt som å konsentrere seg om de bilaterale løsningene.

Cost-Benefit Analysis. --- International cooperation.

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Mining has been central to the social and economic narrative of Southern Africa, and has been a key provider of investment, employment, government revenue and infrastructure in the region. In South Africa, the Johannesburg-Pretoria metropolitan area, which serves as the region's economic and financial hub, developed because of the local gold supply. In the early years, mining developed on the back of migrant workers from across Southern Africa who toiled in the mines under poor conditions. Many ex-miners suffer from vocational diseases to this day. While mining has helped build the economies of Southern Africa, it has come at social and environmental costs that cast a long shadow. Inequality is also high in many Southern African countries, suggesting that mining has not translated into inclusive growth. This report attempts to examine and weigh the various benefits and costs that mining has brought to the Southern Africa region. Data limitations are significant, restricting authoritative conclusions on whether the benefits from mining are positive or negative, on balance, for Southern African societies. The emphasis of this report is thus on taking stock of various benefits and costs associated with mining, while drawing on available information and thought experiments to highlight the potential trade-offs and how they affect stakeholder groups: workers, investors, governments, communities, and the rest of the economy. The countries this report focuses on are Botswana, Lesotho, Eswatini, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Cost-Benefit Analysis --- Equity --- Mining

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Climate change poses a major threat to food systems and livelihoods all over the world. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) addresses these challenges. CSA stands for including climate change into the planning and implementation of sustainable agricultural strategies. More specifically, CSA has three objectives to achieve these overarching goals: (1) sustainably increasing agricultural productivity to support equitable increases in incomes and food security; (2) adapting and building resilience to climate change from the farm to national levels; and (3) developing opportunities to reduce GHG emissions from agriculture (FAO 2013). The report is structured as follows: the report starts with a brief overview of the framework for economic and financial analyses in section two; section three, provides an overview of benefit and cost categories that are relevant for CSA; section four, provides descriptions of 10 salient features of CSA as may be relevant for EFAs; section five, presents findings of the review of 10 EFAs of agriculture lending projects; section six, provides a brief overview of techniques or tools that could support the presentation of CSA in EFAs; and section seven concludes.

Climate Change --- Cost-Benefit Analysis --- Livestock