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A large literature exists on trabecular and cortical bone morphology. The engineering performance of bone, implied from its 3d architecture, is often the endpoint of bone biology experiments, being clinically relevant to bone fracture. How and why does bone travel along its complex spatio-temporal trajectory to acquire its architecture? The question "why" can have two meanings. The first, "teleological - why is an architecture advantageous?" – is the domain of substantial biomechanical research to date. The second, "etiological – how did an architecture come about?" – has received far less attention. This Frontiers Bone Research Topic invited contributions addressing this "etiological why" – what mechanisms can coordinate the activity of bone forming and resorbing cells to produce the observed complex and efficient bone architectures? One mechanism is proposed – chaotic nonlinear pattern formation (NPF) which underlies – in a unifying way – natural structures as disparate as trabecular bone, swarms of birds flying or shoaling fish, island formation, fluid turbulence and others. At the heart of NPF is the fact that simple rules operating between interacting elements multiplied and repeated many times, lead to complex and structured patterns. This paradigm of growth and form leads to a profound link between bone regulation and its architecture: in bone "the architecture is the regulation". The former is the emergent consequence of the latter. Whatever mechanism does determine bone's developing architecture has to operate at the level of individual sites of formation and resorption and coupling between the two. This has implications as to how we understand the effect on bone of agents such as gene products or drugs. It may be for instance that the "tuning" of coupling between formation and resorption might be as important as the achievement of enhanced bone volume. The ten articles that were contributed to this Topic were just what we hoped for – a snapshot of leading edge bone biology research which addresses the question of how bone gets its shape. We hope that you find these papers thought-provoking, and that they might stimulate new ideas in the research into bone architecture, growth and adaptation, and how to preserve healthy bone from gestation and childhood until old age.

Bone architecture --- coupling --- Bone biomaterials --- remodelling --- Trabecular bone --- morphometry --- Mechanotransduction --- Growth and Development --- Nonlinear pattern formation --- Cortical bone

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Ubiquitination is a biological process mediated by ubiquitin itself, the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E3 ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Currently, these multiple biological steps are revealed to participate in various life phenomena, such as cell proliferation, regulation of cell surface proteins expression, and mitochondrial function, which are profoundly related to human health and diseases. Although clinical applications targeting ubiquitination are still limited compared to those directed toward kinase systems such as tyrosine kinases, multiple enzymatic consequences should be future therapeutic implications. This Special Issue of IJMS entitled “Ubiquitination in Health and Disease” successfully published15 distinguished manuscripts, with a total of 66 international authors and. This book provides the latest and most useful information for researchers and scientists in this field.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- deubiquitinase --- degradation --- therapeutic target --- cancer --- hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- immune response --- regulation of gene expression --- ubiquitin system --- genetic diseases --- ubiquitin ligase --- deubiquitinases --- monoubiquitin signaling --- vesicular trafficking --- protein complex formation --- inflammation --- inhibitor --- innate immune --- interferon --- LUBAC --- NF-κB --- ubiquitin --- Parkinson’s disease --- dopa-responsive dystonia --- tyrosine hydroxylase --- α-synuclein --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- ubiquitination --- proteasomal degradation --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- mitochondria --- E3 ubiquitin ligase --- MITOL/MARCH5 --- salt-sensitive hypertension --- Nedd4L/Nedd4-2 --- epithelial sodium channel --- aldosterone sensitive distal nephron --- excitation-transcription coupling --- RNF183 --- RNF186 --- RNF182 --- RNF152 --- RING finger --- mTOR --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- osmotic stress --- ubiquitin code --- virus infection --- virus-host interaction --- tau protein --- semisynthesis --- disulfide-coupling --- polyubiquitin --- fibrils --- aggregation --- neurodegeneration --- deubiquitination --- inhibitors --- protein quality control --- proteolysis --- protein stabilization --- regulatory T cells --- mesenchymal stem cell --- cortical bone derived stem cell --- myocardial infarction --- blood pressure --- renal salt reabsorption --- vascular function --- ubiquitin proteasome system --- ubiquitin–proteasome pathway --- cilia --- ciliogenesis --- differentiation --- proliferation --- ciliopathy --- E3s --- DUBs --- UPS --- neurodegenerative disease --- immune-related diseases

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In the anatomical sciences, it has long been recognized that the human body displays a range of morphological patterns and arrangements, often termed “anatomical variation”. Variations are relatively common throughout the body and may cause or contribute to significant medical conditions. An understanding of normal anatomical variation is vital for performing a broad range of surgical and other medical procedures and treatment modalities. However, despite their importance to effective diagnosis and treatment, such variations are often overlooked in medical school curricula and clinical practice. Recent advances in imaging techniques and a renewed interest in variation in dissection-based gross anatomy laboratories have facilitated the identification of many such variants. The aim of this Special Issue of Diagnostics is to highlight previously under-recognized anatomical variations and to discuss them in a clinical context. In particular, this Special Issue focuses on variants that have specific implications for diagnosis and treatment and explores their potential consequences. The scope of this Special Issue includes studies on gross anatomy, radiology, surgical anatomy, histology, and neuroanatomy.

median arcuate ligament syndrome --- celiac artery --- celiac artery compression syndrome --- diaphragm --- superior mesenteric artery --- anatomy and histology --- foot --- nails --- nail matrix --- toe joint --- tendons --- toe phalanges --- nail deformity --- anatomic landmarks --- radial nerve --- variation --- order of innervation --- posterior interosseous nerve --- superficial branch of radial nerve --- forearm --- M sternalis --- anatomic variation --- learning strategies --- aberrant obturator artery --- internal iliac branching variations --- external iliac branching variations --- anatomical variations --- First metatarsal head --- radiological health --- metatarsal bones --- retroesophageal right subclavian artery --- aberrant subclavian artery --- arteria lusoria --- dysphagia lusoria --- kinked vertebral artery --- artery tortuosity --- Kommerell’s diverticulum --- recurrent laryngeal nerve --- inferior thyroid artery --- ACDF --- thyroidectomy --- jawbone --- cancellous bone density --- cortical bone thickness --- dental cone-beam computed tomography --- dental implant site --- hereditary multiple exostoses --- tibia --- fibula --- ankle --- valgus --- anatomographical variation --- sphenoid sinus --- septation --- pneumatization --- Ethiopian population --- anatomical landmarks --- pelvic lymph nodes --- gynecologic oncology --- pelvic lymphadenectomy --- bulbs of the vestibule --- midline episiotomy --- mediolateral episiotomy --- perineal nerve --- anatomy --- anatomical variation --- special issues

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Ubiquitination is a biological process mediated by ubiquitin itself, the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E3 ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Currently, these multiple biological steps are revealed to participate in various life phenomena, such as cell proliferation, regulation of cell surface proteins expression, and mitochondrial function, which are profoundly related to human health and diseases. Although clinical applications targeting ubiquitination are still limited compared to those directed toward kinase systems such as tyrosine kinases, multiple enzymatic consequences should be future therapeutic implications. This Special Issue of IJMS entitled “Ubiquitination in Health and Disease” successfully published15 distinguished manuscripts, with a total of 66 international authors and. This book provides the latest and most useful information for researchers and scientists in this field.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- deubiquitinase --- degradation --- therapeutic target --- cancer --- hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- immune response --- regulation of gene expression --- ubiquitin system --- genetic diseases --- ubiquitin ligase --- deubiquitinases --- monoubiquitin signaling --- vesicular trafficking --- protein complex formation --- inflammation --- inhibitor --- innate immune --- interferon --- LUBAC --- NF-κB --- ubiquitin --- Parkinson’s disease --- dopa-responsive dystonia --- tyrosine hydroxylase --- α-synuclein --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- ubiquitination --- proteasomal degradation --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- mitochondria --- E3 ubiquitin ligase --- MITOL/MARCH5 --- salt-sensitive hypertension --- Nedd4L/Nedd4-2 --- epithelial sodium channel --- aldosterone sensitive distal nephron --- excitation-transcription coupling --- RNF183 --- RNF186 --- RNF182 --- RNF152 --- RING finger --- mTOR --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- osmotic stress --- ubiquitin code --- virus infection --- virus-host interaction --- tau protein --- semisynthesis --- disulfide-coupling --- polyubiquitin --- fibrils --- aggregation --- neurodegeneration --- deubiquitination --- inhibitors --- protein quality control --- proteolysis --- protein stabilization --- regulatory T cells --- mesenchymal stem cell --- cortical bone derived stem cell --- myocardial infarction --- blood pressure --- renal salt reabsorption --- vascular function --- ubiquitin proteasome system --- ubiquitin–proteasome pathway --- cilia --- ciliogenesis --- differentiation --- proliferation --- ciliopathy --- E3s --- DUBs --- UPS --- neurodegenerative disease --- immune-related diseases --- deubiquitinase --- degradation --- therapeutic target --- cancer --- hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- immune response --- regulation of gene expression --- ubiquitin system --- genetic diseases --- ubiquitin ligase --- deubiquitinases --- monoubiquitin signaling --- vesicular trafficking --- protein complex formation --- inflammation --- inhibitor --- innate immune --- interferon --- LUBAC --- NF-κB --- ubiquitin --- Parkinson’s disease --- dopa-responsive dystonia --- tyrosine hydroxylase --- α-synuclein --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- ubiquitination --- proteasomal degradation --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- mitochondria --- E3 ubiquitin ligase --- MITOL/MARCH5 --- salt-sensitive hypertension --- Nedd4L/Nedd4-2 --- epithelial sodium channel --- aldosterone sensitive distal nephron --- excitation-transcription coupling --- RNF183 --- RNF186 --- RNF182 --- RNF152 --- RING finger --- mTOR --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- osmotic stress --- ubiquitin code --- virus infection --- virus-host interaction --- tau protein --- semisynthesis --- disulfide-coupling --- polyubiquitin --- fibrils --- aggregation --- neurodegeneration --- deubiquitination --- inhibitors --- protein quality control --- proteolysis --- protein stabilization --- regulatory T cells --- mesenchymal stem cell --- cortical bone derived stem cell --- myocardial infarction --- blood pressure --- renal salt reabsorption --- vascular function --- ubiquitin proteasome system --- ubiquitin–proteasome pathway --- cilia --- ciliogenesis --- differentiation --- proliferation --- ciliopathy --- E3s --- DUBs --- UPS --- neurodegenerative disease --- immune-related diseases

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Bone tissue engineering aims to develop artificial bone substitutes that partially or totally restore the natural regeneration capability of bone tissue lost under circumstances of injury, significant defects, or diseases such as osteoporosis. In this context, biomaterials are the keystone of the methodology. Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering have evolved from biocompatible materials that mimic the physical and chemical environment of bone tissue to a new generation of materials that actively interacts with the physiological environment, accelerating bone tissue growth. Mathematical modelling and simulation are important tools in the overall methodology. This book presents an overview of the current investigations and recent contributions in the field of bone tissue engineering. It includes several successful examples of multidisciplinary collaboration in this transversal area of research. The book is intended for students, researchers, and professionals of a number of disciplines, such as engineering, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biomedicine, biology, and veterinary. The book is composed of an editorial section and 16 original research papers authored by leading researchers of this discipline from different laboratories across the world

bone morphogenesis proteins --- n/a --- finite element --- bone tissue engineering --- electrically active implants --- prediction marker --- vertebra --- direct current electric field --- loose sintering --- Lattice Boltzmann method --- Pelvis --- automatic segmentation --- MSCs --- additive manufacturing --- finite element method --- bioelectromagnetism --- optimization --- scaffold design --- cone beam computed tomography --- computational modelling --- bone regeneration --- oxygen delivery --- biomaterials --- bone tissue --- spark plasma sintering --- critical size defect --- musculoskeletal modelling --- resonance frequency analysis --- minipig --- numerical methods in bioengineering --- computational fluid dynamics --- maxillofacial --- osteoporosis --- sliding window --- osseointegration --- mass transfer --- substrate-mediated electrical stimulation --- Fixation design --- dental implants --- human dental pulp stem cells --- numerical results --- elastoplasticity --- bone tissue regeneration --- finite-element simulation --- 3D-printed implant --- selective laser melting --- Lagrangian scalar tracking --- cortical bone --- micromechanics --- trabeculae --- finite element modelling --- damage --- titanium --- powder metallurgy --- pelvis --- biomechanics --- computational mechanobiology --- culturing protocol --- bone adaptation --- stem cell --- Bone tumor --- trabecular bone score --- Xenografts --- triply periodic minimal surfaces --- computed tomography --- multiscale analysis --- cartilage --- digital image correlation --- osteo-differentiation --- wollastonite --- transport --- finite element analysis --- bone marrow --- fracture risk --- von Mises stress --- electric stimulation --- mechanical behaviour --- adipogenesis --- biomaterial applications --- computational mechanics --- Ti6Al4V scaffolds --- finite elements --- Otsu’s method --- 3D virtual surgical plan --- Otsu's method