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Many climatic extremes around the globe, such as severe droughts and floods, can be attributed to the periodic warming of the equatorial Pacific sea surface, termed the El Niño or Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Advances in our understanding of ENSO, in which Edward Sarachik and Mark Cane have been key participants, have led to marked improvements in our ability to predict its development months or seasons, allowing adaptation to global impacts. The book introduces basic concepts and builds to more detailed theoretical treatments. Chapters on the structure and dynamics of the tropical ocean and atmosphere place ENSO in a broader observational and theoretical context. Chapters on ENSO prediction, past and future, and impacts introduce broader implications of the phenomenon. This book provides an introduction to all aspects of this most important mode of global climate variability, for research workers and students of all levels in climate science, oceanography and related fields.

Southern oscillation. --- El Niño Current. --- Atmospheric pressure --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction --- El Niño Current. --- Corriente del Niño --- Holy Child Current --- Niño Current

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"Cesar Caviedes provides the first comprehensive historical account of El Nino, the fascinating and disruptive weather phenomenon that has affected weather cycles all over the globe for thousands of years. Combining scientific accuracy with readable presentation, he brings together all existing information, references, and clues about past El Nino occurrences and their impact on political, military, social, economic, and environmental history. This sweeping demonstration of the impact of climatic fluctuation on human history will be fascinating to the scientific community as well as to the general public."--Jacket.

Weather. --- Weather --- Marine Science --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology --- El Niño Current --- La Niña Current --- Niña Current --- Corriente del Niño --- Holy Child Current --- Niño Current --- Environmental aspects.

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This book covers the time span from the first indications of El Niño (May 1997) until its reversal (June 1998). The focus is largely on the United States, where El Niño produced widespread changes in how the public perceives weather and in the accuracy of forecasts. Among the key issues it examines are how the news media interpreted and dramatized El Niño and the reaction both of the public and decision-makers (the latter based on interviews with agribusiness, utilities, water management agencies, etc.); the scientific issues emerging from the event; and the social and economic consequences of the event. Finally, it suggests what can and should be done when El Niño occurs in the future.

Climatic changes --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Social aspects --- Economic aspects --- Environmental aspects --- El Niño Current. --- United States --- Corriente del Niño --- Holy Child Current --- Niño Current --- Climate. --- Global environmental change

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This book offers a new perspective on those El Niños that grow to extraordinary magnitudes, putting forward the claim that these “super El Niños” should be grouped into an isolated cluster. All known super El Niños exhibit pronounced features that are seldom seen in regular El Niños. Super El Niño events, which are marked by a highly deterministic life cycle, will dominate the Earth’s climate for several years. This study identifies the pre-conditions and a booster mechanism that lead to the runaway growth of super El Niños,  which  is featured by the intense interaction between the anomalous circulation in middle/high latitudes and the ENSO source area. The study not only sheds new light on the fundamental mechanism of the ENSO but also contributes to improving its extended predictability.

Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- El Niño Current. --- Corriente del Niño --- Holy Child Current --- Niño Current --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Meteorology. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Climate change. --- Aerology --- Atmospheric science --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects --- Global environmental change

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This textbook provides a mathematical introduction to the theory of large-scale ocean circulation and is accessible for readers with an elementary knowledge of mathematics and physics, including continuum mechanics and solution methods for ordinary differential equations. The book consists of four parts. Part I (chapters 1 - 4) is a very brief introduction to ocean circulation and the mathematical formulation of the governing equations of ocean flows. In addition, concepts are introduced that are necessary to describe and understand large-scale ocean currents. In part II (chapters 5 - 10), the theory of mid-latitude wind-driven ocean circulation is presented. The consideration of model development includes a top-down approach and reduced equations are derived using asymptotics and scaling. Part III (chapters 11 - 12) focuses on the understanding of equatorial currents and El Nino. In the last part IV, chapters 13 - 16, the theory of planetary scale flows is presented, covering topics such as the thermocline problem, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the stability of the thermohaline circulation and the Arctic Ocean circulation. At the end of each chapter several exercises are formulated. Many of these are aimed to further develop methodological skills and to get familiar with the physical concepts. A few exercises also serve to introduce extension topics. Fully worked out answers to all exercises can be downloaded from the book web site.

Ocean circulation --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction --- Thermoclines (Oceanography) --- Mathematical models. --- El Niño Current. --- Corriente del Niño --- Holy Child Current --- Niño Current --- Ocean temperature --- Oceanography. --- Climatic changes. --- Climate Change. --- Climatology. --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Environmental aspects --- Climate change. --- Climate --- Climate science --- Climate sciences --- Science of climate --- Atmospheric science --- Global environmental change --- Ocean circulation - Mathematical models --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction - Mathematical models