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This report assesses Macedonia's corporate governance policy framework, and enforcement and compliance practices. It highlights recent improvements in corporate governance regulation, makes policy recommendations, and provides investors with a benchmark against which to measure corporate governance in Macedonia. The report identifies a number of key recommendations as follows. The disclosure framework should be overhauled, as part of the on-going revision of the Securities Law. Shareholders should be required to disclose all direct and indirect ownership. The law should increase authority of the Macedonian Securities and Exchange Commission (MSEC), and especially its powers to impose sanctions, while MSEC should develop a strategy to use its new authority to improve corporate governance and shareholder rights. The Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE) should complete the process of drafting a corporate governance code, should revise its listing rules in line with the Code and the new Securities Law, and consider the development of a "corporate governance tier". The exchange should fully implement a system of electronic information dissemination.

Corporate governance. --- Corporate law.

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This report assesses Poland's corporate governance policy framework, and its enforcement and compliance practices. It highlights recent improvements in corporate governance regulation, makes policy recommendations, and provides investors with a benchmark against which to measure corporate governance in Poland. The report updates the corporate governance ROSC carried out in 2001. Since the previous assessment, Poland has adopted new legislation, effectively promulgated a corporate governance code, and continued to develop strong regulatory and enforcement institutions. These improvements have resulted in a corporate governance framework that complies with many of the OECD Principles. The report identifies several potential problems and remedies, including: 1. insufficient regulation of the corporate governance activities of the pension funds; 2. weakness of the supervisory board; 3. problems in the delisting / squeeze-out process; and 4. insufficient approvals of related party transactions. This report also includes two detailed analyses of special policy topics: Annex 1 is an analysis of the Warsaw Stock Exchange Best Practices Code and options for compliance, and Annex 2 is an assessment of the corporate governance issues of state owned enterprises.

Corporate governance. --- Corporate law.

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based on a legal comparative analysis of the corporate legal systems of the economically most significant EC Member States, i.e. France, Great Britain, and Germany, this work considers the extent to which a special corporate law for listed stock corporations is already established in EC Member States and the question of reasonable contents for such a - perhaps still to be developed - special corporate law.?<

Limited partnership --- Corporation law --- Corporate Law. --- Stock Corporation.

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This is a book about directorship. More precisely, it's about nominee directors, who are nominated by IFC and other development finance institutions (DFIs) to the boards of investee companies to fulfill a dual mandate: first, they are expected to perform all the duties and tasks of a board member. Second, they are also charged with improving the corporate governance, sustainability, and ethical behavior of the investee company. This need exists because the empirical evidence indicates that in many developing countries it is nearly impossible to create long-term shareholder value without marked improvements in these areas. This book, based on sound research and real-life examples, offers not only a useful learning platform but also, the authors hope, an entertaining read. It focuses on directorship and leadership skills in the boardroom and does not attempt to cover the whole 'waterfront' on corporate governance issues. Many other publications (including some found on the IFC website) deal extensively with the structures, processes, and legal frameworks of corporate governance. The story emphasizes the learning and adapting that must go on for a nominee director to be effective in encouraging change and improvement on the board and in the company. It draws on specific situations to illustrate that IFC rules and instructions cannot always be perfectly followed: the nominee director is in the 'heat of the battle', under time pressure, and confronted with dilemmas and uncertainty that only in hindsight can be structured and analyzed clearly. The target audience of the incredible adventures of Carla is nominee directors, especially those who are newly appointed or candidates who are considering taking on such a role. It aims to expose them to the challenges in the behavioral dimension of corporate governance and to help them learn, through Carla's experience, the actions and communications that can help them, or not help them, achieve the goals they are committed to.

Corporate Governance --- Corporate Law --- Corporate Social Responsibility --- Governance --- Law and Development --- Private Sector Development

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Collusive agreements among competitors create unmitigated harm. When competitors agree to limit competition, id est to form economic cartels, the poor pay up to 50 percent more for essential goods, growth is stymied as competitiveness and productivity declines, and public policies become less effective. Such collusion undermines citizens' trust in market economies and in the role of the private sector as an engine of growth. And yet, cartels are common across many markets, mostly undetected and likely on the rise in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cartels affect hundreds of markets from milk and poultry to oxygen and cement. Only a fraction of such secretive agreements is detected each year. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis, the corporate sector is consolidating, and governments are intervening more in markets. Increasing corporate market power is associated with lower business dynamism.1 More concentrated and less dynamic markets create fertile ground for even more cartels. All the while, cartel detection has come to a virtual halt since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of the post-COVID recovery strategy, LAC countries can take concrete action to ensure that market economies yield benefits to all citizens, rather than to a few colluding firms. One pillar of the fragile social contract in many LAC countries is a market economy that delivers on its promise of affordable quality goods and services, opportunities for entrepreneurial efforts and productivity-based growth of income-levels. Cartels corrupt all three of these channels. Committing to preventing and deterring cartels is a concrete non-partisan agenda to set the social contract on a stronger footing.

Competition Policy --- Corporate Governance --- Corporate Law --- Law and Development --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics