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La mondialisation continue d'orchestrer un grand changement partout dans le monde de manière rapide et cela avec une implication dans les pratiques des relations internationales entre les nations. Si, pendant longtemps, l'aide extérieure était abordée dans un format simple, comme source financière en provenance des pays les plus développés vers les pays pauvres pour assister ces derniers dans le processus de leur développement, sans un accompagnement en termes de lourdes conditionnalités, aujourd'hui, cette aide revêt une dimension plus complexe. En cette période de mondialisation et de libre marché, la population mondiale observe que les conditionnalités non- économiques, notamment les droits de l'homme, la gestion de l'environnement, la bonne gouvernance, la question genre et enfant, la démocratie, le mariage entre personnes de même sexe et la contraception, etc., sont le plus souvent utilisées par les pays donateurs pour octroyer leurs aides envers les pays en développement. Le plus grand problème est de savoir à partir d'où l'intérêt des pays donateurs à travers ces conditionnalités et ladite aide peuvent être rapprochés avec les intérêts de notre pays, qui a besoin de l'aide financière étrangère mais qui refuse toute ingérence dans ses affaires internes à travers les conditionnalités susvisées à caractère non-économique.

Development aid. Development cooperation --- Congo --- Economic assistance --- Economic development --- Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Economic policy --- Economic assistance - Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Economic development - Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Congo (Democratic Republic) - Economic policy --- Finances --- République démocratique du Congo / RDC (Congo-Kinshasa) --- Politique

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In a number of oil producing countries, oil revenue accounts for the majority of government revenue, but is expected to be depleted in a relatively short time frame. Ensuring that fiscal policy is on a sustainable path is thus a high priority, but political and social adjustment costs create incentives to delay fiscal consolidation. This paper estimates how the permanently sustainable non-oil primary deficit (PSNOPD) depends on the speed of consolidation, using an optimization model with habit formation. Realism is added by allowing for negative growth-adjusted interest rates during a temporary period of catch-up growth. Applied to the Republic of Congo, this approach leads to the following conclusions: (i) the current fiscalpolicy stance is unsustainable; (ii) social adjustment costs justify spreading the bulk of the adjustment over five years; and (iii) the slower the adjustment, the lower the PSNOPD level.

Congo (Democratic Republic) -- Economic policy. --- Investments: Energy --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Energy: General --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Fiscal Policy --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Expenditure --- Oil --- Oil, gas and mining taxes --- Fiscal policy --- Oil prices --- Expenditures, Public --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Congo, Democratic Republic of the --- Natural resources --- Sustainable development --- Congo (Brazzaville) --- Economic conditions.

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Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- 338 <672.4> --- 330.34 <672.4> --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Kongo Brazzaville --- Economische ontwikkeling. Regionale economische ontwikkeling--Kongo Brazzaville --- 330.34 <672.4> Economische ontwikkeling. Regionale economische ontwikkeling--Kongo Brazzaville --- 338 <672.4> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Kongo Brazzaville --- Congo (République démocratique du) ; politique --- Congo (République démocratique du) ; économie --- Kongo (Democratische Republiek) ; economie --- Kongo (Democratische Republiek) ; politiek --- Economic policy. --- Internal politics --- Congo --- Congo (Democratic Republic) - Economic conditions - 1960 --- -Congo (Democratic Republic) - Economic policy

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This Financial System Stability Assessment on the Democratic Republic of the Congo highlights that the Congolese financial sector has recovered from the crisis of 2009 but is at a crossroads. Although reforms have been initiated, the system remains shallow, highly dollarized, and characterized by balance sheet fragilities. The authorities have announced a de-dollarization process; however, greater progress on reforms to strengthen the financial system is needed to support financial deepening and economic growth. The team’s analysis suggests that the financial system remains vulnerable. Resilience to shocks is undermined by the lack of risk-based supervision, lax regulation and weak enforcement of existing regulations, low profitability, and an excessive reliance on sight deposits. Steps are also needed to improve the capacity for micro- and macroprudential supervision. The implementation of risk-based supervision for individual banks is a critical prerequisite for effective crisis prevention. Assessments of bank-specific and systemic soundness are severely handicapped by weak supervisory data and other information gaps. There are significant weaknesses in accounting and auditing practices and, even if indicators suggest high capitalization levels, a more detailed analysis suggests banks are under-provisioned, partly owing to lax definitions of nonperforming loans and provisioning rules.

Congo (Democratic Republic) -- Economic conditions. --- Congo (Democratic Republic) -- Economic policy. --- Financial institutions -- Congo (Democratic Republic). --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Financial institutions --- Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Financial intermediaries --- Lending institutions --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Banks and Banking --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Finance: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banking --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- Financial services law & regulation --- Loans --- Commercial banks --- Credit --- Capital adequacy requirements --- Money --- Currencies --- Financial sector stability --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Banks and banking --- Asset requirements --- Financial services industry --- Congo, Democratic Republic of the

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Since many countries in the world at present were European colonies in the not so distant past, the relationship between colonial institutions and development outcomes is a key topic of study across many disciplines.This edited volume, from a leading international group of scholars, discusses the comparative legacy of colonial rule in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Whereas the Indonesian economy progressed rapidly during the last three decades of the twentieth century and became a self-reliant and assertive world power,

Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Indonesia --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Colonial influence. --- Indonésie --- Influence coloniale --- --Indonésie --- --Condition économique --- --Politique économique --- --Colonialisme --- --Influence coloniale --- Indonésie --- United States of Indonesia --- Republic of the United States of Indonesia --- Republik Indonesia Serikat --- R.I. (Republik Indonesia) --- RI (Republik Indonesia) --- Indonesië --- Indonezii︠a︡ --- PDRI (Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia) --- Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia --- Republik Indonesia --- Yinni --- Republic of Indonesia --- Republiek van Indonesië --- إندونيسيا --- Indūnīsīyā --- جمهورية إندونيسيا --- Jumhūrīyah Indūnīsīyā --- Republica d'Indonesia --- Indonezia --- Endonèsie --- İndoneziya --- İndoneziya Respublikası --- Інданезія --- Indanezii︠a︡ --- Рэспубліка Інданезія --- Rėspublika Indanezii︠a︡ --- Indonezija --- Republika Indonezija --- Индонезия --- Република Индонезия --- Republika Indonezii︠a︡ --- Indonesya --- Induonezėjė --- インドネシア --- Indoneshia --- インドネシア共和国 --- Indoneshia Kyōwakoku --- Dutch East Indies --- Congo (Leopoldville) --- République du Congo (Leopoldville) --- Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) --- Republic of Congo (Leopoldville) --- République démocratique du Congo --- Democratic Republic of the Congo --- Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- Kongo --- Congo (Kinshasa) --- RDC (République démocratique du Congo) --- DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo) --- DRK (Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo) --- Democratic Republic of Congo --- DR Congo --- RD Congo --- Belgian Congo --- Zaire --- History of Asia --- History of Congo --- Colonisation. Decolonisation --- anno 1800-1999 --- Congo --- République démocratique du Congo --- --Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Colonial influence --- Congo (République démocratique) --- Conditions économiques --- Politique économique --- Congo DR --- R.D. Congo --- Condition économique --- Politique économique --- Colonialisme --- Congo (Democratic Republic) - Economic conditions --- Congo (Democratic Republic) - Economic policy --- Congo (Democratic Republic) - Colonial influence --- Indonesia - Economic conditions --- Indonesia - Economic policy --- Indonesia - Colonial influence