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This text contains updated and substantially revised versions of Angelika Kratzer's classic papers on modals and conditionals. It represents some of the most important work on modals and conditionals and the semantics-syntax interface and will be of interest to linguists and philosophers of language of all theoretical persuasions.
Grammar --- Modality (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Conditionals. --- 801.56 --- Syntaxis. Semantiek --- 801.56 Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Modality (Linguistics). --- Conditionals (Grammar) --- Hypothetical clauses (Grammar) --- Protasis (Grammar) --- Linguistics --- Conditionals --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Mood --- Sentences --- Philology
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English language --- Grammar --- Conditionals --- Discourse analysis --- -English language --- -Germanic languages --- Conditionals. --- Discourse analysis. --- -Conditionals --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Mood --- Sentences --- Germanic languages --- English language - Conditionals --- English language - Discourse analysis
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This book is an extremely detailed and comprehensive examination of conditional sentences in English, using many examples from actual language-use. The syntax and semantics of conditionals (including tense and mood options) and the functions of conditionals in discourse are examined in depth, producing an all-round linguistic view of the subject which contains a wealth of original observations and analyses. Not only linguists specializing in grammar but also those interested in pragmatics and the philosophy of language will find this book a rewarding and illuminating source.
English language --- Grammar --- 802.0-56 --- -Academic collection --- Germanic languages --- Engels: syntaxis; semantiek --- Conditionals --- Conditionals. --- 802.0-56 Engels: syntaxis; semantiek --- Academic collection --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Mood --- Sentences
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The paper presents the results of contrastive Polish-English research on how to express the condition, and is an attempt to present the relationship between form and indicating the periods of conditional period.
English language --- Polish language --- Polnisch language --- Polski language --- Lechitic languages --- Kashubian language --- Conditionals. --- Grammar, Comparative --- Polish. --- English. --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Mood --- Sentences --- Germanic languages
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This book explores if/si-constructions in spoken English, French and Spanish, from a functional-pragmatic and corpus-based perspective. The analysis comprises instances of subordination, namely, conditional constructions – including prototypical cause-consequence patterns as well as other conditionals in which the conditional meaning is weaker – and cases of insubordination introduced by if and si. The theoretical framework is based on the three metafunctions distinguished in Systemic Functional Linguistics, and the data analysed are retrieved from parliamentary discourse and conversations corpora. The examination of conditional constructions and cases of insubordination in parallel offers new light on the characterization of if/si-constructions and their uses and functions in interaction.
Englisch. --- Französisch. --- Konditional. --- Spanisch. --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- English language --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Conditionals --- Grammar, Comparative --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Mood --- Sentences --- Germanic languages
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In this book, Michela Ippolito proposes a compositional semantics for subjunctive (or would) conditionals in English that accounts for their felicity conditions and the constraints on the satisfaction of their presuppositions by capitalizing on the occurrence of past tense morphology in both antecedent and consequent clauses. Very little of the extensive literature on subjunctive conditionals tries to account for the meaning of these sentences compositionally or to relate this meaning to their linguistic form; this book fills that gap, connecting the different lines of research on conditionals. Ippolito’s proposal will be of interest both to linguists and to philosophers concerned with conditionals and modality more generally.Ippolito reviews previous analyses of counterfactuals and subjunctive conditionals in the work of David Lewis, Robert Stalnaker, Angelika Kratzer, and others; considers the contrast between future simple past subjunctive conditionals and future past perfect subjunctive conditionals; presents a proposal for subjunctive conditionals that addresses puzzles left unsolved by previous proposals; reviews a number of presupposition triggers showing that they fit the pattern predicted by her proposal; and discusses an asymmetry between the past and the future among subjunctive conditionals, arguing that the best account of our linguistic intuitions must include an indeterministic view of the world.
Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Modality (Linguistics) --- Semantics. --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Linguistics --- Conjunctive mood --- Subjunctive mood --- Conditionals (Grammar) --- Hypothetical clauses (Grammar) --- Protasis (Grammar) --- Conditionals. --- Subjunctive. --- Mood --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Sentences --- Semantics --- Conditionals --- Subjunctive --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Conditionals --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Subjunctive
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This book seeks to bring together the pragmatic theory of 'meaning as use' with the traditional semantic approach that considers meaning in terms of truth conditions. Daniel Gutzmann adopts core ideas by the philosopher David Kaplan in assuming that the meaning of expressions such as oops or damn can be captured by giving the conditions under which they can be felicitously used. He develops a multidimensional approach to meaning, called hybrid semantics, that incorporates use conditions alongside truth conditions in a unified framework. This new system overcomes the empirical gaps and conceptual problems associated with previous multidimensional systems; it also lessens the burden on the compositional system by shifting restrictions on the combination of use-conditional expressions to the lexicon-semantics interface instead of building them directly into the combinatoric rules.
Lexicology. Semantics --- Semantics. --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Conditionals (Grammar) --- Hypothetical clauses (Grammar) --- Protasis (Grammar) --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Conditionals. --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Mood --- Sentences --- Semantics --- Conditionals --- Linguistics --- Philology
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Logicians have written a great deal on the semantics of conditional sentences. This book contends that insufficient attention has been paid to the syntax of conditionals, as investigated by linguists.
English language --- Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Semantics --- Conditionnel --- Sémantique --- Conditionals --- Semantics. --- Conditionals. --- Sémantique --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Conditionals (Grammar) --- Hypothetical clauses (Grammar) --- Protasis (Grammar) --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Mood --- Sentences --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Conditionals (Logic)
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"If you turn left at the next corner, you will see a blue house at the end of the street." That sentence―a conditional―might be true even though it is possible that you will not see a blue house at the end of the street when you turn left at the next corner. A moving van may block your view; the house may have been painted pink; a crow might swoop down and peck out your eyes. Still, in some contexts, we might ignore these possibilities and correctly assert the conditional. In this book, Christopher Gauker argues that such context-relativity is the key to understanding the semantics of conditionals. Contexts are defined as objective features of the situation in which a conversation takes place, and the semantic properties of sentences―conditionals included―are defined in terms of assertibility in a context. One of the primary goals of a theory of conditionals has to be to distinguish correctly between valid and invalid arguments containing conditionals. According to Gauker, an argument is valid if the conclusion is assertible in every context in which the premises are assertible. This runs counter to what Gauker sees as a systematic misreading of the data by other authors, who judge arguments to be invalid if they can think of a context in which the premises are judged true and some other context in which the conclusion is judged false. Different schools of thought on conditionals reflect fundamentally different approaches to semantics. Gauker offers his theory as a motive and test case for a distinctive kind of semantics that dispenses with reference relations and possible worlds.
Grammar, Comparative and general --- Language and languages --- Conditionals --- Philosophy --- 801.56 --- 801.56 Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Conditionals (Grammar) --- Hypothetical clauses (Grammar) --- Protasis (Grammar) --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Mood --- Sentences --- Conditionals (Logic) --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Conditionals --- Language and languages - Philosophy
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Beyond Expressives: Explorations in Use-Conditional Meaning offers empirical and theoretical studies of expressions whose meaning falls outside the standard realm of truth-conditional semantics. Aspects of meaning that are better captured by their use-conditions instead came into the spotlight of formal semantics recently, mainly due to the raised interest in expressions like interjections or swear words. Going beyond such expressives, the contributions provide detailed semantic analyses of a broad range of use-conditional items, including particles, non-inflectional constructions, personal datives and interpretational effects of focus. This volume thereby proves that the empirical domain of use-conditional meaning is as diverse as the truth-conditional one, equally amenable to systematic semantic treatments. This book is an exciting, eye-opening collection of novel and challenging data from English, German and Japanese. For anyone who needs persuading that there is more to language expressivity than informational content, this book is a must. For those who need no persuading, this book will be no less a treat. It offers to all not merely sets of entrancing new observations, but also analyses which feed one’s imagination as to how best to extend current methodologies to make these data tractable for formal modelling. Ruth Kempson, King’s College
Semantics. --- Emotive (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Conditionals (Grammar) --- Hypothetical clauses (Grammar) --- Protasis (Grammar) --- Affective meaning (Linguistics) --- Emotive meaning (Linguistics) --- Semantics --- Connotation (Linguistics) --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Conditionals. --- Conditional clauses --- Conditional constructions --- Conditional sentences --- Hypothetical clauses --- Protasis --- Mood --- Sentences --- Grammar, comparative and general --- Conditionals --- Linguistics --- Philology
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