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The author studies Portuguese psychiatry in the period of its institutionalization. It summarizes the international scientific-medical context, showing the progress of medicine, where, in addition to biology, the study of psychogenetic formulations began at the end of the 19th century. It then analyses the national context, including legislation, establishments and their history, regulations, plans for reform, publications and scientific dissemination, and education, highlighting the reform of 1911. The protagonists, their ideas and published works are analysed, trying to show their differences of opinion in various matters, in historical times crossed by social and political conflicts, but of great wealth in the level of ideas. If in the first phase the main figures are heralds of eighteenth-century philosophical and scientific currents, in the second phase new ideas arise that allow the renewal of the relations between neurology and psychiatry, and a more psychological and psychotherapeutic attitude is disclosed. In conclusion, psychiatry, according to a multidisciplinary enlargement, is defining more diverse forms of institutional treatment, with a more inclusive biological vision.

History of psychiatry in Portugal --- alienists --- conceptual history --- scientific culture --- history of science

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Figures emerge from movement. We live and think in figures. This monograph pursues the literary, theological, and philosophical traces of the concept of figura in comparative constellations from antiquity to modernity, starting with Erich Auerbach, developing them into a method of literary-philosophical figuralogy and opening up a compendium of connections between conceptual history and literary theory. Worüber wir reden, wenn wir von Figuren reden, ist eine komplexe Fragestellung, die unterschiedliche Disziplinen berührt. Mit Erich Auerbachs figura/Mimesis-Projekt wurde die interdiszplinäre Forschung dieses Begriffs initiiert. Ob Literatur-, Bild- oder Wissensgeschichte – die Präsenz und Aktualität von figura in der romanistischen und komparatistischen Forschung bezeugt ein anhaltendes Interesse an der Theoriearbeit zwischen Theologie, Philosophie, Literatur- und Kunstwissenschaft. Allerdings fehlt bislang eine grundlegende methodologische Reflexion, die die interdisziplinären Aspekte gleichrangig berücksichtigt und zu einer gemeinsamen Arbeit am Begriff vereinigt. Dieses Versäumnis zu beheben, ist Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit. Ausgehend von Erich Auerbach, Walter Benjamin und Hannah Arendt verfolgt die Monographie in vergleichenden Konstellationen von der Antike bis in die Moderne die literatur- und kunsthistorischen, theologischen und philosophischen Spuren von figura, die zu einer Methode der literaturphilosophischen Figuralogie ausgebaut werden. Ecce figura versteht sich als ein Kompendium interdisziplinärer Begriffsgeschichte zwischen Literatur, Philosophie und Theologie, das dazu einlädt, in neuen Konstellationen gelesen und erweitert zu werden.

LITERARY CRITICISM / European / General. --- Auerbach, Erich. --- conceptual history. --- figura. --- literary theory.

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Intellectual life --- Intellectual life. --- History --- Cultural life --- historiography --- history of science --- conceptual history --- history of ideas --- intellectual history --- Culture --- History - General

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Was meinen wir, wenn wir soziale Konstellationen als »möglich« bezeichnen? Diese Frage wurde allzu oft nur randständig beleuchtet, obwohl »Möglichkeit« seit Aristoteles zum grundbegrifflichen Repertoire der praktischen Philosophie zählt. Umso unverständlicher wirkt die Zurückhaltung von Horkheimer und Adorno, den Begriff gesellschaftstheoretisch zu explizieren. Gösta Gantner zeigt, inwiefern die Vorstellungen des »Andersseinkönnens« und der »Potentialität« die Kritische Theorie nahezu unbemerkt dominieren. Als Schlüsselbegriff trägt »Möglichkeit« dazu bei, aktuelle Varianten kritischen Denkens in ihrem leitenden Erkenntnisinteresse und ihrer praktischen Ausrichtung zu schärfen: Im Lichte der Kritik des Gegebenen geht es um das, was anders sein kann.

Möglichkeit; Kontingenz; Kritische Theorie; Utopie; Freiheit; Gesellschaftstheorie; Begriffsgeschichte; Max Horkheimer; Theodor W. Adorno; Sozialität; Ethik; Sozialphilosophie; Soziologische Theorie; Philosophie; Possibility; Contingency; Critical Theory; Utopia; Liberty; Social Theory; Conceptual History; Social Relations; Ethics; Social Philosophy; Sociological Theory; Philosophy --- Conceptual History. --- Contingency. --- Critical Theory. --- Ethics. --- Liberty. --- Max Horkheimer. --- Philosophy. --- Social Philosophy. --- Social Relations. --- Social Theory. --- Sociological Theory. --- Theodor W. Adorno. --- Utopia.

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An Open Access edition of this book is available on the Liverpool University Press website and the OAPEN library.This book sets out to understand how the meaning of 'literature' was transformed in the Global South in the post-1945 era. It looks at institutional contexts in South Africa (mainly Johannesburg), Brazil (São Paulo), Senegal (Dakar) and Kenya (Nairobi), and engages with critical writing in English, Portuguese and French. Critics studied in the book include Antonio Candido, Tim Couzens, Isabel Hofmeyr, Es'kia Mphahlele, Léopold Senghor, Taban Lo Liyong and Ngugi wa Thiong'o. By reading these intellectuals of the Global South as producers of theory and practice in their own right, the book attempts to demonstrate the contingency of what is her called the worlding of the concept of literature. 'Decolonisation' itself is seen as a contingent, non-linear process that unfolds in a recursive dialogue with the past. In a bid to offer a more grounded approach to world literature, a key objective of this study is therefore to investigate the accumulation of temporalities in institutional histories of critical practice. To reach this objective, it engages the method of conceptual history as developed by Reinhart Koselleck and David Scott, demonstrating how the concept of 'literature' is resemanticised in ways that dialectically both challenge and consolidate literature as a concept and practice in post-colonised societies.

African literature. --- African literature --- History and criticism. --- Black literature (African) --- Authors, African --- African literary criticism --- postcolonial studies --- literature --- Global South studies --- global intellectual history --- world literature --- decolonisation --- postcolonialism --- Brazilian literary criticism --- conceptual history