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The philosophical theory of scientific explanation proposed here involves a radically new treatment of causality that accords with the pervasively statistical character of contemporary science. Wesley C. Salmon describes three fundamental conceptions of scientific explanation--the epistemic, modal, and ontic. He argues that the prevailing view (a version of the epistemic conception) is untenable and that the modal conception is scientifically out-dated. Significantly revising aspects of his earlier work, he defends a causal/mechanical theory that is a version of the ontic conception. Professor Salmon's theory furnishes a robust argument for scientific realism akin to the argument that convinced twentieth-century physical scientists of the existence of atoms and molecules. To do justice to such notions as irreducibly statistical laws and statistical explanation, he offers a novel account of physical randomness. The transition from the "reviewed view" of scientific explanation (that explanations are arguments) to the causal/mechanical model requires fundamental rethinking of basic explanatory concepts.

Science --- Sciences --- Philosophy. --- Methodology. --- Philosophie --- Méthodologie --- Philosophy --- Methodology --- -Science --- -Natural science --- Science of science --- -Methodology --- Méthodologie --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Scientific method --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Aristotle. --- Bohr, Niels. --- Bromberger, Sylvain. --- Compton scattering. --- Davisson-Germer experiment. --- Humean problems. --- Jackson, Reggie. --- King, John L. --- Laplacian explanation. --- action-by-contact. --- aleatory explanation. --- alpha radiation. --- behaviorism. --- bone, worked. --- cancer. --- carriage accident. --- causal relation. --- collective (von Mises). --- contrast class. --- disjunctive dilution. --- effective calculability. --- energeticism. --- epidemiology. --- expectation. --- explanans-partition. --- explanans. --- first signal, light as. --- forecast, reliable. --- gambling system. --- gravitational radiation. --- high probability requirement. --- homogeneity. --- ignorance. --- improbable event. --- inferential version. --- lambda-definability. --- leukemia. --- logical empiricism. --- magnifying glass. --- materialism. --- microphysical entities. --- microscope. --- mononucleosis. --- necessary connection. --- nonrandomness. --- operationism. --- pair production/annihilation. --- partial entailment. --- plausibility. --- presupposition. --- psychotherapy. --- quantum domain. --- recursiveness. --- Nauka --- metodologia. --- filozofia. --- Science - Philosophy --- Science - Methodology

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High-energy astrophysics involves the study of exceedingly dynamic and energetic phenomena occurring near the most extreme celestial objects known to exist, such as black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, and supernova remnants. High-Energy Astrophysics provides graduate and advanced undergraduate students with the most complete, self-contained introduction to the subject available. This textbook covers all the essentials, weaving together the latest theory with the experimental techniques, instrumentation, and observational methods astronomers use to study high-energy radiation from space. Fulvio Melia introduces topics at the forefront of today's research, including relativistic particles, energetic radiation, and accretion disk theory. No other textbook offers such a thorough yet concise treatment of the key aspects of high-energy astrophysics--both theoretical and observational--or delves as deeply into modern detection techniques, satellite systems, and analytical and numerical modeling used by theoreticians. Amply illustrated, High-Energy Astrophysics is also ideal for researchers interested in the application of fundamental physical laws to understand how matter and radiation behave in regions of the universe where physical conditions are most extreme.Uniquely weaves together the theoretical and experimental aspects of this important branch of astronomy Features stunning images of the high-energy sky Fully describes the principal classes of high-energy sources, with an in-depth study of many archetypal objects within them Provides an excellent, self-contained resource for the classroom, written by a preeminent researcher and teacher in the field

Nuclear astrophysics. --- Astrophysics. --- Astrophysics --- Nuclear physics --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Acceleration. --- Accretion (astrophysics). --- Accretion disk. --- Active galactic nucleus. --- Amplitude. --- Angular momentum. --- Annihilation. --- Apsis. --- Arbitrarily large. --- BL Lac object. --- Bell's theorem. --- Binary star. --- Black hole. --- Boundary layer. --- Bremsstrahlung. --- Circular orbit. --- Classical mechanics. --- Classical physics. --- Compact star. --- Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. --- Compton scattering. --- Concept. --- Conceptual framework. --- Conjecture. --- Cosmic ray. --- Cygnus A. --- Cygnus X-1. --- Database. --- Dissipation. --- Doppler effect. --- Effective temperature. --- Emissivity. --- Event horizon. --- Four-dimensional space. --- Four-vector. --- Galactic Center. --- Galactic plane. --- Galaxy cluster. --- Gamma-ray burst. --- Gravitational energy. --- Initial condition. --- Instability. --- Interstellar medium. --- Intracluster medium. --- Luminosity function (astronomy). --- Magnetic field. --- Massive particle. --- Measurement. --- Milky Way. --- Minute and second of arc. --- Molecular cloud. --- Molecule. --- Neutron star. --- Nuclear reaction. --- Ontology. --- Optical depth. --- Orbital period. --- Particle physics. --- Phenomenon. --- Photon. --- Physical law. --- Physical quantity. --- Physicist. --- Pierre Auger Observatory. --- Pilot wave. --- Polytropic process. --- Positron. --- Power law. --- Prediction. --- Probability. --- Quantity. --- Quantum decoherence. --- Quantum mechanics. --- Quasar. --- ROSAT. --- Radiative cooling. --- Radiative flux. --- Roche lobe. --- Scattering. --- Spaceflight. --- Special relativity. --- Star. --- Supermassive black hole. --- Supernova. --- Synchrotron. --- Temperature. --- Theorem. --- Theory of relativity. --- Theory. --- Thin disk. --- Time dilation. --- Transonic. --- Virgo Cluster. --- Viscosity. --- Wave function. --- Wavelength. --- White dwarf. --- X-ray. --- XMM-Newton.