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Agriculture --- Land tenure --- Commons --- Common lands --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- Public lands --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Natural resources, Communal --- Village communities --- History. --- Law and legislation

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First Published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Capitalism --- Commons --- Public goods. --- Goods, Public --- Common lands --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- Law and legislation --- Finance, Public --- Welfare economics --- Free rider problem (Economics) --- Land tenure --- Public lands --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Natural resources, Communal --- Village communities

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During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, much of England's common land was eradicated by the processes of parliamentary enclosure. However, despite the fact that the landscape was frequently viewed as unproductive, outmoded and unsightly, many British landscape painters of the time - including Constable, Gainsborough and Turner - resolutely continued to depict it. This book is the first full study of how they did so, using evidence drawn not only from art-historical picture analysis, but from contemporary poems and novels, and the contemporary pamphlets, essays and reports that advanced the rhetoric of both agricultural improvement and new theories on landscape aesthetics. It highlights a deep-rooted social and cultural attachment to the common field landscape, and demonstrates that common land played a significant but - until now - underestimated role in both the history of English art and of the formation of an English national identity, reflecting what are still highly sensitive issues of progress, nostalgia and loss within the English countryside. Recasting common land as a recurrent facet of English culture in the modern period, the numerous paintings, drawings and prints featured in this book give the reader a comprehensive and evocative sense of what this now almost wholly lost landscape looked like in its hey-day. Ian Waites is Senior Lecturer in History of Art and Design at the University of Lincoln.

Landscape painting, English --- Commons --- Common lands --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- Land tenure --- Public lands --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Natural resources, Communal --- Village communities --- Landscape painting --- English landscape painting --- History --- Law and legislation

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"Balancing the Commons in Switzerland outlines continuity and change in the management of common-pool resources such as pastures and forests in Switzerland. The book focusses on the differences and similarities between local institutions (rules and regulations) and forms of commoners' organisations (civic communities, corporations) which have managed common property for several centuries and have shaped the cultural landscapes of Switzerland. The core of the book are five case studies from the German, French and Italian speaking regions of Switzerland. Beginning in the late medieval ages and focussing on the transformations in the 19th and 20th century, it traces the internal and external political, economic and societal changes and examines what impact these changes had on commoners. It goes beyond the work of Robert Netting and Elinor Ostrom, who discussed Swiss commons as a unique case of robustness, by analysing how local commoners reacted to, but also shaped changes by adapting and transforming common property institutions. Thus, the volume highlights how institutional changes in the management of the commons (pastures, forest) on the local level are embedded in the public policies of the respective cantons (provinces), and the state, which generates a high heterogeneity and an actual laboratory situation (Swiss lab). It shows the very different ways that local collective organisations and their members have followed in order to try to cope with the loss of value of the commons and the increased workload for maintaining common property management. Providing insightful case studies of commons management, this volume delivers lessons to be learned for the commons worldwide and for the general theoretical debate on the commons. It is published on the 30th anniversary of Ostrom's Nobel Prize winning title Governing the Commons from which it gets its name. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of the commons, natural resource management and agricultural development"--

Commons --- Common lands --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- Land tenure --- Public lands --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Natural resources, Communal --- Village communities --- Management. --- Law and legislation --- Communal natural resources --- Community-owned natural resources --- Collective settlements

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Commons --- Agriculture --- History --- Histoire --- Great Britain --- Grande-Bretagne --- -Commons --- -Common lands --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- Land tenure --- Public lands --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Natural resources, Communal --- Village communities --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Law and legislation --- England --- Economic conditions --- -History --- -Agriculture --- History. --- GEOGRAPHIE RURALE --- ROYAUME-UNI --- MOYEN AGE