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SCIENCE --- Experiments & Projects --- Sensation --- Ethics --- Educational Measurement --- Crime --- Weights and Measures --- Data Collection --- Signs and Symptoms --- Social Problems --- Neurologic Manifestations --- Organizations --- Occupational Groups --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Social Control Policies --- Sociology --- Investigative Techniques --- Specialties, Surgical --- Research --- Health Facilities --- Health Services Administration --- Animal Population Groups --- Methods --- Social Sciences --- Persons --- Science --- Education --- Named Groups --- Nervous System Diseases --- Health Care --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Animals --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Information Science --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Psychophysiology --- Medicine --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Policy --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Humanities --- Criminology --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Eukaryota --- Health Occupations --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Quality of Health Care --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Diseases --- Public Health --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Organisms --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Environment and Public Health --- Phenomena and Processes --- Government --- Records as Topic --- Social Control, Formal --- Animals, Laboratory --- General Surgery --- Homicide --- Reference Standards --- Research Design --- Government Regulation --- Pain --- Research Personnel --- Ethics, Institutional --- Organizational Policy --- Animal Experimentation --- Animal Care Committees --- Societies --- Federal Government --- Laboratories --- Professional Competence --- Animal Welfare --- Organization and Administration --- 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Physiological Phenomenon --- Nervous System Physiological Process --- Physiology, Nervous System --- Nervous System Physiologic Processes --- Nervous System Physiology --- System Physiology, Nervous --- Nervous System --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Occupation, Health --- Occupations, Health --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Eucarya --- Eukarya --- Eukaryotes --- Eukaryotas --- Eukaryote --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Policies --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Mind-Body Relationship (Physiology) --- Physiologic Psychology --- Physiological Psychology --- Psychology, Physiologic --- Mind-Body Relations (Physiology) --- Psychology, Physiological --- Mind Body Relations (Physiology) --- Mind Body Relationship (Physiology) --- Mind-Body Relation (Physiology) --- Mind-Body Relationships (Physiology) --- Physiologic Psychologies --- Psychologies, Physiologic --- Relation, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Relations, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Relationship, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Relationships, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- Symptoms and General Pathology --- Animalia --- Animal --- Metazoa --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- 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--- Population Groups, Animal --- Activities, Educational --- Educational Activities --- Workshops --- Literacy Programs --- Training Programs --- Activity, Educational --- Educational Activity --- Literacy Program --- Program, Literacy --- Program, Training --- Programs, Literacy --- Programs, Training --- Training Program --- Workshop --- Students --- Sciences --- Person --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Methodological Studies --- Methodological Study --- Procedures --- Studies, Methodological --- Study, Methodological --- Method --- Procedure --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- Facilities, Health --- Facility, Health --- Health Facility --- Surgical Specialties --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- General Social Development and Population --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, Social Control --- Policy, Social Control --- Social Control Policy --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Group, Occupational --- Groups, Occupational --- Occupational Group --- Laboratory Research --- Research Activities --- Research and Development --- Research Priorities --- Activities, Research --- Activity, Research --- Development and Research --- Priorities, Research --- Priority, Research --- Research Activity --- Research Priority --- Research, Laboratory --- Non-Governmental Organizations --- Nongovernmental Organizations --- Organizations, Nongovernmental --- Non Governmental Organizations --- Non-Governmental Organization --- Nongovernmental Organization --- Organization --- Organization, Non-Governmental --- Organization, Nongovernmental --- Organizations, Non-Governmental --- Focal Neurologic Deficits --- Manifestations, Neurologic --- Manifestations, Neurological --- Neurologic Dysfunction --- Neurologic Findings --- Neurologic Manifestation --- Neurologic Signs --- Neurologic Symptoms --- Neurological Manifestations --- Neurologic Deficits --- Neurologic Signs and Symptoms --- Deficit, Focal Neurologic --- Deficit, Neurologic --- Deficits, Focal Neurologic --- Deficits, Neurologic --- Dysfunction, Neurologic --- Dysfunctions, Neurologic --- Finding, Neurologic --- Findings, Neurologic --- Focal Neurologic Deficit --- Manifestation, Neurologic --- Manifestation, Neurological --- Neurologic Deficit --- Neurologic Deficit, Focal --- Neurologic Deficits, Focal --- Neurologic Dysfunctions --- Neurologic Finding --- Neurologic Sign --- Neurologic Symptom --- Neurological Manifestation --- Sign, Neurologic --- Signs, Neurologic --- Symptom, Neurologic --- Symptoms, Neurologic --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Symptoms and Signs --- Data Aggregation --- Data Collection Methods --- Dual Data Collection --- Aggregation, Data --- Collection Method, Data --- Collection Methods, Data --- Collection, Data --- Collection, Dual Data --- Data Collection Method --- Method, Data Collection --- Methods, Data Collection --- Measures --- Scales --- Weights --- Measure --- Measures and Weights --- Kidnapping --- Crimes --- Kidnappings --- Educational Assessment --- Examination, Graduate Records --- Measurement, Educational --- Assessment, Educational --- Graduate Records Examination --- Assessments, Educational --- Educational Assessments --- Educational Measurements --- Examinations, Graduate Records --- Graduate Records Examinations --- Measurements, Educational --- Egoism --- Ethical Issues --- Metaethics --- Moral Policy --- Natural Law --- Situational Ethics --- Ethical Issue --- Ethics, Situational --- Issue, Ethical --- Issues, Ethical --- Law, Natural --- Laws, Natural --- Moral Policies --- Natural Laws --- Policies, Moral --- Policy, Moral --- Organoleptic --- Sensory Function --- Function, Sensory --- Functions, Sensory --- Sensations --- Sensory Functions --- methods --- physiology --- education --- organization & administration --- Animal Care and Use Committees --- Animal Ethics Committees --- IACUC --- Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees --- Animal Care Committee --- Animal Ethics Committee --- Committee, Animal Care --- Committee, Animal Ethics --- Committees, Animal Care --- Committees, Animal Ethics --- Ethics Committee, Animal --- Ethics Committees, Animal --- IACUCs --- Vivisection --- Animal Use Alternatives --- Euthanasia, Animal --- Professionalism --- Ethics Committees --- Models, Animal --- Bioethical Issues --- Ethics, Research --- Ethics, Business --- Analgesia --- Pain Insensitivity, Congenital --- Analgesics --- Hyperalgesia --- Palliative Care --- Research Strategy --- Research Strategies --- Strategies, Research --- Strategy, Research --- Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees --- Quality Control --- Clinical Laboratory Services --- Death --- Surgical Procedures, Operative --- Disease Models, Animal --- Biomedical Research --- Public Policy --- Documentation --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Pharmacy Audit --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Audits --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- Occupations --- Psychosomatic Medicine --- Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical --- Neurology --- Zoology --- Medical History Taking --- Empirical Research --- Criminal Behavior --- Censorship, Research --- Perception --- Health Workforce --- Record --- Professional ethics. Deontology --- Veterinary medicine --- Employee --- Employees --- Personnel --- Worker --- Workers --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- Records --- Laboratory animals --- Testing laboratories --- Laboratory facilities --- Research buildings --- Science laboratories --- Scientific laboratories --- Science rooms and equipment --- Test facilities --- Animals, Experimental --- Animals in research --- Experimental animals --- Lab animals --- Animal culture --- Laboratory organisms --- Working animals --- Animal experimentation --- Animals, Laboratory. --- Animal Welfare. --- standards. --- United States. --- Animal welfare --- Handling

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Few arguments in biomedical experimentation have stirred such heated debate in recent years as the issue of animal subjects. In this comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of the social, political, and ethical conflicts surrounding the use of animals in scientific experiments, F. Barbara Orlans assesses both ends of this sensitive argument's spectrum- unconditional approval or rejection of animal experimentation- as equally implausible. Instead of arguing to either of these points, Orlans thoughtfully explores the ground between the extremes, and convincingly makes the case for public policy reforms that serve to improve the welfare of laboratory animals without jeopardizing scientific endeavour. This book presents controversial issues in an objective manner based on careful historical analysis and original research. The author's findings address such issues as the functioning of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, editorial policies on animal experimentation by scientific journal editors, policies on the use of animals in education, funding sources for alternatives, and comparisons of animal use policies of various countries.; Different mechanisms of oversight for animal experiments are compared and those that have worked well are identified. This compelling work will be of interest to biomedical scientists, ethicists, animal welfare advocates and other readers concerned with this critical issue.

Animal experimentation --- Animal Welfare. --- Pain --- Ethical Review --- International Cooperation --- Statistics as Topic --- Stress, Psychological --- Violence --- Animals, Laboratory --- Reference Standards --- Animal Experimentation --- Social Control, Formal --- Editorial Policies --- Ethics, Medical --- Internationality --- Publishing --- Government Regulation --- History, 19th Century --- Industry --- Public Policy --- Ethics --- Legislation as Topic --- Financial Support --- Animal Welfare --- Education --- History --- Animal Rights --- Policy Making --- Animal Testing Alternatives --- Politics --- Animal Care Committees --- Attitude --- History, 20th Century --- Information Science --- Ethics, Clinical --- Sensation --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Crime --- Social Sciences --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Neurologic Manifestations --- Animal Population Groups --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Behavioral Symptoms --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Economics --- Social Control Policies --- Signs and Symptoms --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Morals --- Animal Use Alternatives --- Investigative Techniques --- Mathematics --- Social Problems --- Philosophy --- Humanities --- Psychophysiology --- Sociology --- Research --- Weights and Measures --- Policy --- Science --- Public Health --- Ethics, Professional --- Nervous System Diseases --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Health Care --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Psychology, Social --- Animals --- Criminology --- Behavior --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Quality of Health Care --- Diseases --- Eukaryota --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Environment and Public Health --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Organisms --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Social Welfare & Social Work - General --- Social Welfare & Social Work --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Concepts --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomenon --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiology --- Nervous System Physiological Concepts --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomenon --- Nervous System Physiological Process --- Physiology, Nervous System --- Nervous System Physiologic Processes --- Nervous System Physiology --- System Physiology, Nervous --- Nervous System --- Eucarya --- Eukarya --- Eukaryotes --- Eukaryotas --- Eukaryote --- Pharmacy Audit --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Pharmacy Audits --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Animalia --- Animal --- Metazoa --- Psychology, Perceptual --- Social Psychology --- Perceptual Psychology --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Symptoms and General Pathology --- Nervous System Disorders --- Neurological Disorders --- Neurologic Disorders --- Disease, Nervous System --- Diseases, Nervous System --- Disorder, Nervous System --- Disorder, Neurologic --- Disorder, Neurological --- Disorders, Nervous System --- Disorders, Neurologic --- Disorders, Neurological --- Nervous System Disease --- Nervous System Disorder --- Neurologic Disorder --- Neurological Disorder --- Neurology --- Professional Ethics --- Ethic, Professional --- Professional Ethic --- Professional Misconduct --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Sciences --- Policies --- Measures --- Scales --- Weights --- Measure --- Measures and Weights --- Laboratory Research --- Research Activities --- Research and Development --- Research Priorities --- Activities, Research --- Activity, Research --- Development and Research --- Priorities, Research --- Priority, Research --- Research Activity --- Research Priority --- Research, Laboratory --- Ethics, Research --- General Social Development and Population --- Mind-Body Relationship (Physiology) --- Physiologic Psychology --- Physiological Psychology --- Psychology, Physiologic --- Mind-Body Relations (Physiology) --- Psychology, Physiological --- Mind Body Relations (Physiology) --- Mind Body Relationship (Physiology) --- Mind-Body Relation (Physiology) --- Mind-Body Relationships (Physiology) --- Physiologic Psychologies --- Psychologies, Physiologic --- Relation, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Relations, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Relationship, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Relationships, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Psychosomatic Medicine --- Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical --- Pharmacy Philosophy --- Philosophical Overview --- Hedonism --- Stoicism --- Overview, Philosophical --- Overviews, Philosophical --- Pharmacy Philosophies --- Philosophical Overviews --- Philosophies --- Philosophies, Pharmacy --- Philosophy, Pharmacy --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Mathematic --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Animal Testing Reduction, Refinement and Replacement --- Alternative, Animal Use --- Alternatives, Animal Use --- Animal Use Alternative --- Use Alternative, Animal --- Use Alternatives, Animal --- Morality --- Retrospective Moral Judgment --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Symptoms and Signs --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, Social Control --- Policy, Social Control --- Social Control Policy --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- History of Medicine, Modern --- Medicine, Modern --- Modern History (Medicine) --- Modern Medicine --- History, Modern --- Modern History --- 1601- History, Modern --- History, Modern (Medicine) --- Modern 1601- History --- Behavioral Symptom --- Symptom, Behavioral --- Symptoms, Behavioral --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Animal Population Group --- Population Group, Animal --- Population Groups, Animal --- Zoology --- Focal Neurologic Deficits --- Manifestations, Neurologic --- Manifestations, Neurological --- Neurologic Dysfunction --- Neurologic Findings --- Neurologic Manifestation --- Neurologic Signs --- Neurologic Symptoms --- Neurological Manifestations --- Neurologic Deficits --- Neurologic Signs and Symptoms --- Deficit, Focal Neurologic --- Deficit, Neurologic --- Deficits, Focal Neurologic --- Deficits, Neurologic --- Dysfunction, Neurologic --- Dysfunctions, Neurologic --- Finding, Neurologic --- Findings, Neurologic --- Focal Neurologic Deficit --- Manifestation, Neurologic --- Manifestation, Neurological --- Neurologic Deficit --- Neurologic Deficit, Focal --- Neurologic Deficits, Focal --- Neurologic Dysfunctions --- Neurologic Finding --- Neurologic Sign --- Neurologic Symptom --- Neurological Manifestation --- Sign, Neurologic --- Signs, Neurologic --- Symptom, Neurologic --- Symptoms, Neurologic --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Kidnapping --- Poaching --- Crimes --- Kidnappings --- Criminal Behavior --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Organoleptic --- Sensory Function --- Function, Sensory --- Functions, Sensory --- Sensations --- Sensory Functions --- Perception --- Clinical Ethics --- Clinical Medicine --- Ethicists --- Ethics Committees, Clinical --- Ethics Consultation --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- 20th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 20th Cent. History of Medicine --- 20th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 20th Century --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- History, Twentieth Century --- Medical History, 20th Cent. --- Medicine, 20th Cent. --- 20th Century History --- 20th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 20th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 20th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 20th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 20th --- Century Histories, Twentieth --- Century History, 20th --- Century History, Twentieth --- Histories, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 20th Century --- Histories, Twentieth Century --- History, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Twentieth Century Histories --- Twentieth Century History --- Attitudes --- Opinions --- Opinion --- Intention --- Animal Care and Use Committees --- Animal Ethics Committees --- IACUC --- Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees --- Animal Care Committee --- Animal Ethics Committee --- Committee, Animal Care --- Committee, Animal Ethics --- Committees, Animal Care --- Committees, Animal Ethics --- Ethics Committee, Animal --- Ethics Committees, Animal --- IACUCs --- Ethics Committees --- Conservatism --- Decentralization --- Liberalism --- Political Factors --- Voting --- Political Activity --- Activities, Political --- Activity, Political --- Factor, Political --- Factors, Political --- Political Activities --- Political Factor --- Dissent and Disputes --- Alternatives to Animal Testing --- Alternative, Animal Testing --- Alternatives, Animal Testing --- Animal Testing Alternative --- Testing Alternative, Animal --- Testing Alternatives, Animal --- Analysis, Policy --- Policy Analysis --- Policy Development --- Analyses, Policy --- Development, Policy --- Developments, Policy --- Making, Policy --- Policy Analyses --- Policy Developments --- Decision Making --- Decision Making, Organizational --- Psychological Stress --- Stress, Psychologic --- Stressor, Psychological --- Life Stress --- Life Stresses --- Psychologic Stress --- Psychological Stresses --- Psychological Stressor --- Psychological Stressors --- Stress, Life --- Stresses, Life --- Stresses, Psychological --- Stressors, Psychological --- Speciesism --- Rights, Animal --- Area Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Aspects, Historical --- Historical Aspects --- Aspect, Historical --- Historical Aspect --- Histories --- Activities, Educational --- Educational Activities --- Workshops --- Literacy Programs --- Training Programs --- Activity, Educational --- Educational Activity --- Literacy Program --- Program, Literacy --- Program, Training --- Programs, Literacy --- Programs, Training --- Training Program --- Workshop --- Students --- Animal Cruelty --- Cruelty, Animal --- Welfare, Animal --- Vivisection --- Euthanasia, Animal --- Financial Supports --- Support, Financial --- Supports, Financial --- Gift Giving --- Constitutional Amendments --- Health Legislation as Topic --- Laws and Statutes --- Legislation, Health --- Model Legislation --- Population Law --- Statutes and Laws --- Health Legislation --- Amendment, Constitutional --- Amendments, Constitutional --- Constitutional Amendment --- Law, Population --- Laws, Population --- Legislation, Model --- Population Laws --- Egoism --- Ethical Issues --- Metaethics --- Moral Policy --- Natural Law --- Situational Ethics --- Ethical Issue --- Ethics, Situational --- Issue, Ethical --- Issues, Ethical --- Law, Natural --- Laws, Natural --- Moral Policies --- Natural Laws --- Policies, Moral --- Policy, Moral --- Censorship, Research --- Affirmative Action --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Action, Affirmative --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Tertiary Sector --- Industries --- Sector, Tertiary --- Sectors, Tertiary --- Tertiary Sectors --- Commerce --- Ethics, Business --- 19th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 19th Cent. History of Medicine --- 19th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 19th Century --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- History, Nineteenth Century --- Medical History, 19th Cent. --- Medicine, 19th Cent. --- 19th Century History --- 19th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 19th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 19th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 19th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 19th --- Century Histories, Nineteenth --- Century History, 19th --- Century History, Nineteenth --- Histories, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 19th Century --- Histories, Nineteenth Century --- History, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Nineteenth Century Histories --- Nineteenth Century History --- Government Regulation and Oversight --- Government Regulations --- Regulation, Government --- Regulations, Government --- Electronic Publishing --- Publishing, Electronic --- Electronic Publishings --- Publishings, Electronic --- Book Industry --- Globalization --- International Aspects --- International Perspectives --- International Relations --- Multinational Aspects --- Multinational Perspectives --- Aspect, International --- Aspect, Multinational --- Aspects, International --- Aspects, Multinational --- International Aspect --- International Perspective --- Multinational Aspect --- Multinational Perspective --- Perspective, International --- Perspective, Multinational --- Perspectives, International --- Perspectives, Multinational --- Relations, International --- International Law --- Medical Ethics --- Medicine --- Professionalism --- Bioethics --- Editorial Policy --- Policies, Editorial --- Policy, Editorial --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Animal Experimental Use --- Animal Experiments --- Animal Research --- Animal Experiment --- Animal Experimental Uses --- Experiment, Animal --- Experimental Use, Animal --- Experimental Uses, Animal --- Experimentation, Animal --- Experiments, Animal --- Research, Animal --- Models, Animal --- Bioethical Issues --- Preparations, Standard --- Standardization --- Standards --- Standard Preparations --- Standards, Reference --- Preparation, Standard --- Reference Standard --- Standard Preparation --- Standard, Reference --- Quality Control --- Laboratory Animals --- Animal, Laboratory --- Laboratory Animal --- Disease Models, Animal --- Biomedical Research --- Assaultive Behavior --- Atrocities --- Behavior, Assaultive --- Structural Violence --- Violence, Structural --- Biological Warfare --- Riots --- Warfare --- Crime Victims --- Treaties --- Foreign Aid --- Aid, Foreign --- Cooperation, International --- Treaty --- Review, Ethical --- Peer Review --- Ache --- Pain, Burning --- Pain, Crushing --- Pain, Migratory --- Pain, Radiating --- Pain, Splitting --- Suffering, Physical --- Aches --- Burning Pain --- Burning Pains --- Crushing Pain --- Crushing Pains --- Migratory Pain --- Migratory Pains --- Pains, Burning --- Pains, Crushing --- Pains, Migratory --- Pains, Radiating --- Pains, Splitting --- Physical Suffering --- Physical Sufferings --- Radiating Pain --- Radiating Pains --- Splitting Pain --- Splitting Pains --- Sufferings, Physical --- Analgesia --- Pain Insensitivity, Congenital --- Analgesics --- Hyperalgesia --- Palliative Care --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Moral and ethical aspects --- physiology --- methods --- ethics --- education --- Interpersonal Violence --- Violent Crime --- Crime, Violent --- Interpersonal Violences --- Violence, Interpersonal --- Violences, Interpersonal --- Violent Crimes --- Animal Research Alternatives --- Alternative, Animal Research --- Alternatives, Animal Research --- Animal Research Alternative --- Research Alternative, Animal --- Research Alternatives, Animal --- Wildlife Trade --- Psychiatry --- Psychological Phenomena --- Occupations