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Although the nature and magnitude of (positive or negative) spillovers from large farm establishment are hotly debated, most evidence relies on case studies. Ethiopia's large farms census together with 11 years of nation-wide smallholder surveys allows examination and quantification of spillovers using intertemporal changes in smallholders' proximity and exposure to large farms, generally or growing the same crop, for identification. The results suggest positive spillovers on fertilizer and improved seed use, yields, and risk coping, but not local job creation, for some crops, most notably maize. Most spillovers are crop-specific and limited to large farms' immediate vicinity. The implications for policy and research are drawn out.

Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems. --- Agriculture and Farming Systems. --- Agriculture. --- Climate Change and Agriculture. --- Crops and Crop Management Systems. --- Employment. --- Externalities. --- Large-Scale Commercial Farms. --- Livestock and Animal Husbandry. --- Productivity. --- Resilience.

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Most poor people in developing countries still live in rural areas and are primarily engaged in low productivity farming activities. Thus pathways out of poverty are likely to be strongly connected to productivity increases in the rural economy, whether they are realized in farming, in rural nonfarm enterprises, or by way of rural-urban migration. The authors use cross-sectional data from the Central Statistical Board for 1993 and 2002, as well as a panel data set from the Indonesia Family Life Survey for 1993 and 2000, to show which pathways out of poverty were most successful over this period. The findings suggest that increased engagement of farmers in rural nonfarm enterprises is an important route out of rural poverty, but that most of the rural agricultural poor that exit poverty still do so while remaining rural and agricultural. So changes in agricultural prices, wages, and productivity still play a critical role in moving people out of poverty.

Agricultural Output --- Agricultural Prices --- Commercial Farmers --- Commercial Farms --- Economic Growth --- Farm Activities --- Farmers --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Survey --- Income --- Income Growth --- Poor --- Poor People --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Rural --- Rural Areas --- Rural Development --- Rural Economy --- Rural Poor --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Subsistence Farmers