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The dairy chain is an integral part of global food supply, with dairy food products a staple component of recommended healthy diets. The dairy food chain from production through to the consumer is complex, with various opportunities for microbial contamination of ingredients or food product, and as such interventions are key to preventing or controlling such contamination. Dairy foods often include a microbial control step in their production such as pasteurization, but in some cases may not, as with raw milk cheeses. Microbial contamination may lead to a deterioration in food quality due to spoilage organisms, or may become a health risk to consumers should the contaminant be a pathogenic microorganism. As such food safety and food production are intrinsically linked. This Research Topic eBook includes submissions on issues relating to the microbiological integrity of the dairy food chain, such as the ecology of pathogenic and spoilage organisms through the dairy farm to fork paradigm, their significance to dairy foods and health, and genomic analysis of these microorganisms.

Sporeformers --- Spoilage --- Dairy --- Biofilm --- Pathogenic bacteria --- Coliforms --- Microbiome

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The dairy chain is an integral part of global food supply, with dairy food products a staple component of recommended healthy diets. The dairy food chain from production through to the consumer is complex, with various opportunities for microbial contamination of ingredients or food product, and as such interventions are key to preventing or controlling such contamination. Dairy foods often include a microbial control step in their production such as pasteurization, but in some cases may not, as with raw milk cheeses. Microbial contamination may lead to a deterioration in food quality due to spoilage organisms, or may become a health risk to consumers should the contaminant be a pathogenic microorganism. As such food safety and food production are intrinsically linked. This Research Topic eBook includes submissions on issues relating to the microbiological integrity of the dairy food chain, such as the ecology of pathogenic and spoilage organisms through the dairy farm to fork paradigm, their significance to dairy foods and health, and genomic analysis of these microorganisms.

Sporeformers --- Spoilage --- Dairy --- Biofilm --- Pathogenic bacteria --- Coliforms --- Microbiome

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Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia , Salmonella , Shigella , Klebsiella , Yersinia , and others. They are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases, such as urinary tract infections and diarrhea. This book examines enterobacteria with a focus on pathogenesis, virulence factors, and treatment strategies, as well as their role in multidrug resistance.

Enterobacteriaceae. --- Coliform bacilli --- Coliform bacteria --- Coliforms --- Colon bacilli --- Enteric bacilli --- Enteric bacteria --- Enterics (Bacteria) --- Enterobacteria --- Fecal coliform bacteria --- Fecal coliforms --- Gram-negative bacteria

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R. Fuller 1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS The history of the probiotic effect has been well documented many times previously (see e.g. Bibel, 1982; Fuller, 1992). The consumption of fermented milks dates from pre-biblical times but the probiotic concept was born at the end of the last century with the work of Metchnikoff at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. In the century that has elapsed since Metchnikoff's work, the probiotic concept has been accepted by scientists and consumers throughout the world. Attempts to refine the practice from the use of traditional soured milks to preparations containing specific micro­ organisms have occupied the thoughts and endeavours of scientists in many different countries. But, in spite of the large amount of effort expended in attempting to explain and define the effect, it has to be admitted that little is known of the way in which probiotics operate. There are likely to be several different mechanisms because it seems highly improbable that a mode of action that explains resistance to microbial infection will also hold true for improved milk production or alleviation of lactose malabsorption.

Intestines --- Enterobacteriaceae. --- Microorganisms --- Intestins --- Micro-organismes --- Microbiology. --- Therapeutic use. --- Microbiologie --- Emploi en thérapeutique --- Emploi en thérapeutique --- Animal anatomy. --- Nutrition   . --- Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology. --- Nutrition. --- Alimentation --- Food --- Nutrition --- Health --- Physiology --- Diet --- Dietetics --- Digestion --- Food habits --- Malnutrition --- Animal anatomy --- Animals --- Biology --- Health aspects --- Anatomy --- Probiotics. --- Coliform bacilli --- Coliform bacteria --- Coliforms --- Colon bacilli --- Enteric bacilli --- Enteric bacteria --- Enterics (Bacteria) --- Enterobacteria --- Fecal coliform bacteria --- Fecal coliforms --- Gram-negative bacteria --- Probiotic supplements --- Dietary supplements --- Gastrointestinal system --- Germs --- Micro-organisms --- Microbes --- Microscopic organisms --- Organisms --- Microbiology --- Bacteriology

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In response to the increasing urbanization, advances in the science of urban hydrology have improved urban water system management, creating more livable cities in which public safety and health, as well as the environment, are protected. The ultimate goal of urban water management is to mimic the hydrological cycle prior to urbanization. On top of urbanization, climate change, which has been demonstrated to alter the hydrological cycle in all respects, has introduced additional challenges to managing urban water systems. To mitigate and adapt to urbanization under a changing climate, understanding key hydrologic components should expand to include complex issues brought forth by climate change. Thus, effective and efficient measures can be formulated. This Special Issue of Water presents a variety of research papers that span a range of spatial and temporal scales of relevance in different societies’ efforts in adapting to the eminent changes in climate and the continuous changes in the landscape. From mitigating water quality in permeable pavements and bioretention swales to understanding changes in groundwater recharge in large regions, this Special Issue examines the state-of-the-art in sustainable urban design for adaptation and resiliency.

Technology: general issues --- permeable asphalt --- heavy metal --- leaching behavior --- MSWI-BAA --- stormwater --- low impact development --- sustainable urban drainage systems --- stormwater modelling --- urban development --- GIS --- SAW --- decision-making --- strategic planning --- spatial analysis --- stormwater quality --- fecal coliforms --- Vancouver Island --- nearshore areas --- bacteria loading --- multinomial logistic regression --- periodicity analysis --- land use impacts --- climate impacts --- green roof --- energy performance --- heat island effect --- bio-retention --- green infrastructure --- runoff control performance --- storm inlet hydraulics --- flow distribution hydraulics --- climate change --- urbanization --- urban runoff --- Toronto --- Montreal --- Vancouver --- flooding --- geospatial modeling --- groundwater level --- trends --- non-stationarity --- climate variability --- land use/land cover change --- developing cities --- n/a