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Pharmacy --- Pharmacists --- Apothecaries --- Chemists (Pharmacists) --- Druggists --- Chemists --- Medical personnel --- Clinical Pharmacists --- Community Pharmacists --- Retail Pharmacists --- Clinical Pharmacist --- Community Pharmacist --- Pharmacist --- Pharmacist, Clinical --- Pharmacist, Community --- Pharmacist, Retail --- Pharmacists, Clinical --- Pharmacists, Community --- Pharmacists, Retail --- Retail Pharmacist --- history --- biography. --- Biography. --- Procter, William, --- History of Pharmacy. --- Pharmacists. --- Pharmacy, History --- Pharmacy History --- United States.

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Pharmacology --- Pharmaceutical Preparations. --- Pharmacists. --- Pharmacy. --- Societies, Pharmaceutical. --- Pharmacology. --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Pharmaceutic Societies --- Pharmaceutic Society --- Pharmaceutical Societies --- Pharmaceutical Society --- Pharmacy Societies --- Pharmacy Society --- Societies, Pharmaceutic --- Societies, Pharmacy --- Society, Pharmaceutic --- Society, Pharmaceutical --- Society, Pharmacy --- Clinical Pharmacists --- Clinical Pharmacist --- Pharmacist --- Pharmacist, Clinical --- Pharmacists, Clinical --- Pharmaceutic Preparations --- Pharmaceutical Products --- Preparations, Pharmaceutical --- Drugs --- Preparations, Pharmaceutic --- Products, Pharmaceutical --- Medical sciences --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacy --- Community Pharmacists --- Retail Pharmacists --- Community Pharmacist --- Pharmacist, Community --- Pharmacist, Retail --- Pharmacists, Community --- Pharmacists, Retail --- Retail Pharmacist --- Drug Dosage Calculations --- Physiological effect --- Pharmaceuticals --- Drug --- Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical Preparation --- Pharmaceutical Product --- Preparation, Pharmaceutical --- Product, Pharmaceutical

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Pharmaceutical technology. --- Technology, Pharmaceutical. --- Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services --- Pharmacists. --- Pharmaceutical laboratory techniques --- Pharmaceutical laboratory technology --- Technology, Pharmaceutical --- Technology --- Clinical Pharmacists --- Community Pharmacists --- Retail Pharmacists --- Clinical Pharmacist --- Community Pharmacist --- Pharmacist --- Pharmacist, Clinical --- Pharmacist, Community --- Pharmacist, Retail --- Pharmacists, Clinical --- Pharmacists, Community --- Pharmacists, Retail --- Retail Pharmacist --- Insurance, Pharmaceutic Services --- Insurance, Pharmacy Services --- Pharmaceutic Services Insurance --- Pharmaceutical Services Insurance --- Pharmacy Services Insurance --- Drug Benefit Plans --- Drug Insurance --- Prescription Insurance --- Drug Benefit Plan --- Insurance, Drug --- Insurance, Prescription --- Plan, Drug Benefit --- Plans, Drug Benefit --- Pharmacy Administration --- Pharmaceutic Technology --- Pharmaceutical Technology --- Pharmacy Technology --- Technology, Pharmaceutic --- Technology, Pharmacy --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Drug Industry

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Polypharmacy is a necessary and important aspect of drug treatment; however, it becomes a challenge when the medication risks outweigh the benefits for an individual patient. Drug–drug interactions and the introduction of prescribing cascades are common features of polypharmacy, which can lead to ineffectiveness and increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Genes encoding CYP450 isozymes and other drug-related biomarkers have attracted considerable attention as targets for pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing due to their impact on drug metabolism and response. This Special Issue is devoted to explore the status and initiatives taken to circumvent ineffectiveness and to improve medication safety for polypharmacy patients. Specific areas include drug–drug interactions and consequences thereof in therapeutic management, including PK- and PD-profiling; the application of PGx-based guidance and/or decision tools for drug–gene and drug–drug gene interactions; medication reviews; development and application of deprescribing tools; and drivers and barriers to overcome for successful implementation in the healthcare system.

Medicine --- Pharmaceutical industries --- acute kidney injury --- early biomarker --- plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin --- soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- medication optimization --- older patients --- emergency department --- multimorbidity --- polypharmacy --- potentially inappropriate medication use --- older adults --- prevalence --- determinants --- chronic --- outpatient --- 2019 Beers criteria --- Ethiopia --- pharmacogenomics --- persons with diabetes --- drug–drug interactions --- drug–gene interactions --- cytochrome P450 --- SLCO1B1 --- drug interaction checkers --- adverse drug reactions --- pharmacogenetics --- personalized medicine --- phenprocoumon --- DOACs --- bleeding --- thromboembolism --- HLA --- drug hypersensitivity --- abacavir --- allopurinol --- flucloxacillin --- antiepileptic drugs --- cost-effectiveness --- shared medication record --- medication reconciliation --- drug information service --- hospital pharmacy service --- electronic prescribing --- electronic medical record --- clinical pharmacist --- CYP2D6 --- CYP2D7P --- CYP2D8P --- copy number variation --- CNV --- genotyping --- 5’nuclease assay --- HRM --- high resolution melting --- drug metabolization --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- microvesicles --- pharmacogene expression --- medication review --- deprescriptions --- quality of life --- aged --- aged, 80 and over --- nursing homes --- deprescribing --- medication-based risk score --- health outcomes --- cytochromes --- CYP1A2 --- adverse drug reaction --- antipsychotics --- olanzapine --- clozapine --- loxapine --- children --- youth --- digital decision-support --- health services research --- general practice --- process evaluation --- antidepressants --- utility --- population-based --- appropriateness --- medication adherence --- digital health

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Polypharmacy is a necessary and important aspect of drug treatment; however, it becomes a challenge when the medication risks outweigh the benefits for an individual patient. Drug–drug interactions and the introduction of prescribing cascades are common features of polypharmacy, which can lead to ineffectiveness and increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Genes encoding CYP450 isozymes and other drug-related biomarkers have attracted considerable attention as targets for pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing due to their impact on drug metabolism and response. This Special Issue is devoted to explore the status and initiatives taken to circumvent ineffectiveness and to improve medication safety for polypharmacy patients. Specific areas include drug–drug interactions and consequences thereof in therapeutic management, including PK- and PD-profiling; the application of PGx-based guidance and/or decision tools for drug–gene and drug–drug gene interactions; medication reviews; development and application of deprescribing tools; and drivers and barriers to overcome for successful implementation in the healthcare system.

Medicine --- Pharmaceutical industries --- acute kidney injury --- early biomarker --- plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin --- soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- medication optimization --- older patients --- emergency department --- multimorbidity --- polypharmacy --- potentially inappropriate medication use --- older adults --- prevalence --- determinants --- chronic --- outpatient --- 2019 Beers criteria --- Ethiopia --- pharmacogenomics --- persons with diabetes --- drug–drug interactions --- drug–gene interactions --- cytochrome P450 --- SLCO1B1 --- drug interaction checkers --- adverse drug reactions --- pharmacogenetics --- personalized medicine --- phenprocoumon --- DOACs --- bleeding --- thromboembolism --- HLA --- drug hypersensitivity --- abacavir --- allopurinol --- flucloxacillin --- antiepileptic drugs --- cost-effectiveness --- shared medication record --- medication reconciliation --- drug information service --- hospital pharmacy service --- electronic prescribing --- electronic medical record --- clinical pharmacist --- CYP2D6 --- CYP2D7P --- CYP2D8P --- copy number variation --- CNV --- genotyping --- 5’nuclease assay --- HRM --- high resolution melting --- drug metabolization --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- microvesicles --- pharmacogene expression --- medication review --- deprescriptions --- quality of life --- aged --- aged, 80 and over --- nursing homes --- deprescribing --- medication-based risk score --- health outcomes --- cytochromes --- CYP1A2 --- adverse drug reaction --- antipsychotics --- olanzapine --- clozapine --- loxapine --- children --- youth --- digital decision-support --- health services research --- general practice --- process evaluation --- antidepressants --- utility --- population-based --- appropriateness --- medication adherence --- digital health