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This study estimates the vulnerability of Latin American agriculture to climate change using a Ricardian analysis of both land values and net revenues. Examining a sample of over 2,500 farms in seven countries, the results indicate both land value and net revenue are sensitive to climate. Both small farms and large farms have a hill-shaped relationship with temperature. Estimating separate regressions for dryland and irrigated farms reveals that dryland farms are more sensitive to temperature but irrigated farms are more sensitive to precipitation. Examining the effects from future climate change scenarios reveals that severe scenarios could reduce farm earnings by as much as 62 percent by 2100, whereas more moderate scenarios could reduce earnings by about 15 percent. Small and large farms are equally sensitive to global warming. Land value and net revenue analyses produce quite similar results.

Agriculture --- Agriculture and Farming Systems --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Impacts --- Climate Sensitivity --- Climate Variables --- Crops and Crop Management Systems --- Environment --- Forestry --- GDP --- Global Warming --- Greenhouse Gases --- Impacts --- Irrigation --- Land --- Land Value --- Less --- Precipitation --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Seasons --- Soil --- Soils --- Technologies --- Temperature

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The authors use a Ricardian model to test the relationship between annual net revenues and climate across Israeli farms. They find that it is important to include the amount of irrigation water available to each farm in order to measure the response of farms to climate. With irrigation water omitted, the model predicts that climate change is strictly beneficial. But with water included, the model predicts that only modest climate changes are beneficial, while drastic climate change in the long run will be harmful. Using the Atmospheric Oceanic Global Circulation Models scenarios, the authors show that farm net revenue is expected to increase by 16 percent in 2020, while in 2100 farm net revenue is expected to drop by 60-390 percent varying between the different scenarios. Although Israel has a relatively warm climate, a mild increase in temperature is beneficial due to the ability to supply international markets with farm products early in the season. The findings lead to the conclusion that securing water rights to the farmers and international trade agreements can be important policy measures to help farmers adapt to climate change.

Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Changes --- Climate Models --- Climate Sensitivity --- Common Property Resource Development --- Drought Management --- Economic Impacts --- Environment --- Forestry --- Global Climate Change --- Impacts --- Industry --- Irrigation --- Land --- Less --- Precipitation --- Rainfall --- Rainy Season --- Rural Development --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Soils --- Technologies --- Temperature --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Variables --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water and Industry --- Water Conservation --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Supply and Systems --- Water Use

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The description for this book, Cosmic Understanding: Philosophy and Science of the Universe, will be forthcoming.

Philosophy of nature --- Cosmology --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- PHILOSOPHY / Metaphysics. --- Bailey and Pillard twin study. --- Cambrian explosion. --- Darwinian evolution. --- EPR experiment. --- Federal Drug Administration. --- Hound of the Baskervilles Effect. --- INAH. --- Jupiter space debris removal system. --- Kepler, Johannes. --- LeVay, Simon. --- active placebos. --- aliens and public opinion. --- ancient temperatures. --- andropause. --- artificial life. --- aspirin therapy. --- autocatalytic reactions. --- balloon temperature data. --- blackbody spectrum. --- blood clotting mechanism. --- breast implants. --- chess and intelligence. --- climate sensitivity. --- clinical equipoise. --- collective consciousness. --- dinosaur extinction. --- dirty bombs. --- double blind method. --- drapetomania. --- dysgenics. --- educational system changes. --- emotional intelligence. --- entangled particles. --- falsifiability. --- file drawer problem. --- first generation stars. --- gambling and psychokinesis. --- habitable zone. --- homophobia. --- ice ages and greenhouse gases. --- informed choice fallacy. --- irreducible complexity. --- levitation. --- linkage analysis. --- magnetic field. --- mass extinctions. --- medical anthropology. --- mortality and temperature. --- natural selection. --- neurotransmitters. --- neutrino oscillations. --- onanism. --- Cosmology.