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energy transition --- energy internet --- power system interconnection --- climate change and environment --- energy economy --- smart grid

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Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Chile embarked on a long journey to develop a forestry model adapted to its national circumstances, achieving considerable progress in the last four decades by significantly increasing its forest cover and developing a highly competitive industry with global reach, making forestry among the country's main economic activities. Despite the significant achievements made in establishing a vast natural capital based of planted forests in the country, the forest sector faces new challenges. The effects of climate change with increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation are accelerating desertification, land degradation and drought processes. Furthermore it is increasing the frequency and intensity of forest fires, affecting the quality of life of hundreds of thousands of people, the future availability of timber, and generating a variety of other impacts on the country's ecosystems. This new scenario also entails the need to strengthen, modernize and adapt the current institutional framework to enable it to more effectively support the continuous growth of the forest sector in the current national and global context, and continue generating economic, social and environmental benefits for the country.

Agriculture --- Climate Change --- Climate Change and Environment --- Environment --- Forestry Management --- Sustainable Land Management

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The World Bank's flagship report Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration finds that Sub-Saharan Africa is likely to witness high levels of climate-induced mobility (Rigaud and others 2018). An expanded and deeper analysis through Groundswell Africa, focusing on West African countries, reaffirms this pattern region. The recent study projects that by 2050, without concrete climate and development action, West Africa could see as many as 32.0 million people move because of slow-onset climate impacts, such as water stress, drops in crop and ecosystem productivity, and sea level rise compounded by storm surge. These spatial population shifts will represent up to 3.5 percent of the total population of West Africa. Understanding the scale and the patterns of these climate-induced spatial population shifts is critical to inform policy dialogue, planning, and action to avert, minimize, and better manage climate-induced migration for dignified, productive, and sustainable outcomes. By 2050, internal climate migration in Senegal could reach more than 1 million. This figure represents 3.3 percent of the population, at the high end of the confidence interval under the pessimistic scenario, which combines high emissions with unequal development. In alternative scenarios, more inclusive and climate-friendly, the scale of climate migration would be reduced. The greatest gains in modulating the scale of climate migration are realized under the optimistic scenario, which combines low emissions with moderate development pathways. The number of climate migrants would drop from a mean value of 600,000 under the pessimistic and reference scenario in 2050 to 90,000 in 2050 under the optimistic scenario, which translates into a reduction of 85 percent. This major drop underscores the critical need for both inclusive development and low emissions to modulate the scale of climate migration, with the greatest gains achieved through early action.

Climate Change and Environment --- Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Migration --- Poverty Reduction

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The highly variable climate of Malawi significantly influences the amount, timing, and frequency of precipitation resulting in frequent droughts and floods. In the 2015-2016 rainfall season Malawi was hit again by prolonged dry spells. In response to the dry spells, the Government of Malawi declared a state of disaster in April 2016, and a post disaster needs assessment (PDNA) was initiated in mid-May under the leadership of the Government of Malawi, with the assistance of the World Bank and the United Nations (UN). The PDNA also developed a recovery strategy for the 2015-2016 drought by defining and aligning a national recovery vision to long-term development objectives and by formulating a multi-sector framework of recovery interventions, while ensuring building-back-better and integrating gender and environmental considerations in the recovery strategy. The assessment process utilized a combination of secondary data from similar assessments that were ongoing at that time, along with primary data collection to fill in gaps and validate impacts. The PDNA defines a strategy for recovery, including its financial implications, while making recommendations to improve future drought resilience. The report is structured as follows: chapter one explains the background and objective of the PDNA; chapter two describes the country profile; chapter three provides an analysis of the drought and an overview of the humanitarian consequences and the government's immediate response; chapter 4 describes the approach and methodology of the PDNA; chapter five summarizes the overall damages and losses caused by the drought, as well as the recovery strategies and needs for each of the sectors considered in the assessment; chapter six describes the overall macroeconomic impact of the drought; chapter seven presents the human and social impact of the drought, including a gender analysis of specific sector recommendations for recovery; chapter eight provides details for the drought recovery strategy on the basis of the sector analysis; chapter nine analyses the challenges and lessons learned from the ongoing drought and recommendations for drought risk reduction and resilience; chapter ten summarizes the next steps and the way forward.

Agriculture --- Climate Change and Environment --- Drought Management --- Environment --- Natural Disasters --- Rainfall --- Resilience --- Water Economics --- Water Resources

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The World Bank's flagship report, Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration (Rigaud and others 2018), and the sequel (Clement and others 2021), finds that that Sub-Saharan Africa is likely to witness high levels of climate-induced mobility. An expanded and deeper analysis through Groundswell Africa, focusing on West African countries, reaffirms this pattern region (Rigaud and others 2021a). The recent study projects that by 2050, without concrete climate and development action, West Africa could see as many as 27.3 million people move because of slow-onset climate impacts, such as water stress, drops in crop and ecosystem productivity, and sea level rise compounded by storm surge. These spatial population shifts will represent 3.48 percent of the total population of West Africa. Understanding the scale and the patterns of these climate-induced spatial population shifts is critical to inform policy dialogue, planning, and action to avert, minimize, and better manage climate-induced migration for dignified, productive, and sustainable outcomes. Nigeria has a long history of mobility, and migration patterns have historically been dynamic. The migration towards north-central zones as well as southward toward Lagos and other coastal cities is influenced by climate change and environmental conditions as well as better economic opportunities. In recent years, severe floods have led to loss of lives, housing and infrastructure, and compelled Nigerians to move out of areas affected by the disasters.

Climate Change and Environment --- Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Migration --- Poverty Reduction