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In recent decades, hurricane frequency and intensity have increased in the Caribbean basin. From 2000 to 2012, more than 100 hurricanes impacted lives, infrastructure, gross domestic product, and natural environments along the coastal shorelines. Recent academic references mention that the dense root system of mangrove forests might mitigate the impact of hurricanes, which would help stabilize the coastline and prevents erosion from waves and storms. Many tropical mangroves are found on the coasts of Caribbean islands, unfortunately, these wetland ecosystems have been cleared at a rate of one percent per year since the nineties by climatic and anthropogenic events. Given this critical context, this study quantifies the causal effects hurricane windstorms on local economic activity, using as a proxy nightlights in the Caribbean region at the highest spatial resolution data available (1 square kilometer), and then measure the level of mangrove natural protection against the impact of hurricanes, employing different widths of the mangroves belt, which leads to a broader socio-economic and environmental perspective study. The results suggest that major hurricanes show negative effects of approximately two percent in nightlights and even a greater negative impact of sixteen percent in storm surge prone areas. However, the presence of mangroves on the coast minimizes the impact of hurricanes, shows a reduction of nightlights between one and six percent. The paper contributes to the literature of natural coastal protection against natural disasters by providing robust estimates of the causal effects of major hurricanes windstorms in the Caribbean, producing regional evidence that could improve targeting of environmental policies and disaster risk management toward those most impacted islands.

Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Environmental Protection --- Natural Disasters

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Between its natural wealth with diverse cultures, increasingly rapid urbanization, and some of the world's most impressive wildlife, Tanzania strikes visitors as a country of diversity and dynamism. At the same time, the country is facing challenges from climate change that will put its people, policymakers, and ecosystems to a test. Migration has long been a strategy of Tanzanians to deal with adverse climatic conditions, but as this report illustrates, climate change will put further pressure on people to leave their homes and look for new opportunities elsewhere within the country's borders. This study shows that Tanzania could see as many as 16.6 million internal climate migrants by 2050. Immediate, rapid and aggressive action on the cutting down emissions as a global community, and pursuing inclusive resilient development at the national level could bring down this scale of climate migration, on average, by about 27 percent.

Climate Change and Environment --- Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Poverty Reduction

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The objective of the book is to make a comprehensive documentation of the observed variability and change of the regional climate system over the Indian region using the past observed data. The book addresses all the important parameters of regional climate system so that a physically consistent view of the changes of the climate system is documented. The book contains 16 chapters written by the subject experts from different academic and research institutes in India. The book addresses all important components/parameters of the climate system, like rainfall, temperature, humidity, clouds, moisture, sea surface temperature and ocean heat content, sea level, glaciers and snow cover, tropical cyclones and monsoon depressions, extreme rainfall and rainstorms, heat waves and cold waves, meteorological droughts, aerosols, atmospheric aerosols, ozone and trace gases and atmospheric radiative fluxes. One chapter deals with the past monsoon using monsoon proxy data. The last chapter deals with the future climate change projections over the Indian region (rainfall and temperature) made using coupled climate models. Most of the analyses (especially on rainfall, temperature, extreme rainfall, sea surface temperature, meteorological droughts) are based on the data for a longer period of 110 years, 1901–2010. For some other parameters like moisture, clouds, heat waves and cold waves, atmospheric aerosols, ozone and trace gases and radiative fluxes, data of shorter period have been used. The articles documented inter-annual and decadal variability in addition to documenting long term trends of different parameters. The trends have been tested for statistical significance using standard techniques. It is expected that the present book will be an excellent reference material for researchers as well as for policy makers. These results will be useful in interpreting future climate change scenarios over the region being projected using coupled climate models. Further analysis of these results is required for attributing the observed variability and change to natural and anthropogenic activities.

Physical geography. --- Climate change. --- Earth System Sciences. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Climate Change.

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Pascal Kremer analysiert die Einflüsse der durch den Klimawandel veränderten Jahreswitterungsverläufe auf die Produktionsbedingungen für die Landwirtschaft im Allgemeinen und den Zuckerrübenanbau im Speziellen. Er untersucht die klimatisch beeinflussten Einzelaspekte des Zuckerrübenwachstums zunächst retrospektiv, um aus den in der Vergangenheit feststellbaren Wirkzusammenhängen mithilfe von Klimamodellen mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungspfade zu simulieren. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die klimatischen und agronomischen Veränderungsprozesse in einem regionalen Maßstab im Untersuchungsgebiet grundlegend zu verstehen und aus diesen Erkenntnissen Handlungsempfehlungen für die Zukunft abzuleiten. Der Inhalt Ertragsbildung/-entwicklung und Klima Zuckerrübenwachstum und Jahreswitterungsverlauf Pathogene der Zuckerrübe im Klimawandel Bodenwasserhaushaltsmodellierung Vergangenheitsanalyse und Zukunftsprojektion mit Modellen Extremwetterereignisse Die Zielgruppen Dozierende und Studierende der Geowissenschaften, Umweltwissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften, Meteorologie, Biologie Meteorologen, Klimatologen, Offizialberater in der Landwirtschaft, Experten im Umwelt- und Klimaschutz, Agrarwissenschaftler, Umweltplaner, Agrarökonomen Der Autor Pascal Kremer promovierte am Geographischen Institut der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Er ist heute als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter an der Universität Hohenheim am Fachgebiet Biogeophysik tätig.

Physical geography. --- Agriculture. --- Climate change. --- Physical Geography. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts.

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This paper examines whether and how climatic shocks influence individual migration decisions. The authors use census microdata across 64 countries over the period 1960 to 2012, covering 442 million individual records, combined with geo-referenced temperature and precipitation data summarized for each origin and destination administrative unit. Migration is identified when an individual changed a place of usual residence one, five, or ten years ago to a new major administrative unit in the same country. Given an exceptionally large number of observations, the authors apply a two-step approach to analyze the relationship between exposure to climatic shocks and migration. First, the authors use random forest models to uncover that in many countries climatic shocks are as important as better-known individual-level covariates in determining migration decisions. This observation serves as a yardstick for the second step of the analysis. For a subset of countries, where rainfall shocks play an important role in migration, the authors compare internal migration patterns across time by examining whether a region experiencing positive or negative rainfall shocks observed higher or lower migration. The authors find that negative rainfall shocks suppress outmigration particularly for low-income countries. The opposite is true for positive rainfall shocks whereby migration is found to increase, especially for lower-income countries. The finding supports the liquidity constraint argument whereby adverse climatic conditions can disrupt migration financing and consequently suppress ability to migrate.

Climate Change --- Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Hydrology --- Poverty Reduction --- Water Resources --- Water Resources Management