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This book serves as a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students specializing in optical engineering and optical sciences. Comprising three distinct parts, it addresses fundamental aspects and practical applications of modulated apertures in microscopy. The first part delves into the fabrication of modulated apertures and the computation of impulse responses or point spread functions (PSFs). It offers essential insights into the foundational concepts of modulated aperture design. The second part focuses on the utilization of modulated apertures in speckle imaging, elucidating their significance and relevance in this context. This section provides a comprehensive understanding of the practical applications of modulated apertures in image formation. The third and final part explores the application of modulated apertures within the framework of a confocal scanning laser microscope. The objective here is to enhance microscope resolution and image contrast, contributing to the advancement of microscopy techniques. This book offers a concise and objective exploration of modulated apertures' fabrication, applications, and their potential to enhance microscopy. This book is a valuable reference for students and researchers seeking to deepen their knowledge in this specialized field.

Microscopy. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Lasers. --- Image processing. --- Optical Microscopy. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Laser Technology. --- Image Processing.

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This book concerns the theory of optimal transport (OT) and its applications to solving problems in geometric optics. It is a self-contained presentation including a detailed analysis of the Monge problem, the Monge-Kantorovich problem, the transshipment problem, and the network flow problem. A chapter on Monge-Ampère measures is included containing also exercises. A detailed analysis of the Wasserstein metric is also carried out. For the applications to optics, the book describes the necessary background concerning light refraction, solving both far-field and near-field refraction problems, and indicates lines of current research in this area. Researchers in the fields of mathematical analysis, optimal transport, partial differential equations (PDEs), optimization, and optics will find this book valuable. It is also suitable for graduate students studying mathematics, physics, and engineering. The prerequisites for this book include a solid understanding of measure theory and integration, as well as basic knowledge of functional analysis.

Mathematical optimization. --- Operations research. --- Management science. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Differential equations. --- Optimization. --- Operations Research, Management Science . --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Differential Equations. --- Optimització matemàtica

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This book looks at the application of cascaded interferometers in both theoretical and practical contexts, particularly focusing on enhancing image contrast and facilitating medical diagnostics. Commencing with a comprehensive exploration of modulated two-beam interference employing Fourier optics, it progresses to discuss the implementation of a cascaded Michelson interferometer, with a specialized emphasis on its utility in analyzing microscopic structures such as glass fibers. Subsequent chapters examine step-index fibers using multiple laser beam interferometry and introduce sophisticated models for interpreting fringe shifts in unclad glass fibers through ordinary multiple-beam interference. Moreover, the book addresses the recognition of modulated apertures employing a Cascaded Fabry-Perot Interferometer (CFPI) and discusses its implications for various applications. It looks at the processing of retinal artery images leveraging higher orders of two-beam interference and investigates the utility of cascaded interferometric techniques in examining kidney and colon images. Furthermore, it presents a novel approach to image processing of coronaviruses utilizing interferometry techniques, showcasing the potential of interferometric methods in medical research and diagnostics. Through its systematic exploration of cascaded interferometers and their diverse applications, this book is suited for researchers, practitioners, and students alike, offering insights into both fundamental principles and advanced methodologies in interferometry and medical imaging.

Microscopy. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Image processing. --- Imaging systems in biology. --- Materials --- Imaging systems. --- Optical Microscopy. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Image Processing. --- Biological Imaging. --- Imaging Techniques. --- Analysis.

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Classical asymptotic expansions, while producing a good approximation for the diffracted fields in general, appear hardly applicable in the case of extremely elongated bodies. Thus, there are problems that are on the one hand too difficult for numerical solvers due to large system size, and on the other hand make the description with classical asymptotic methods hard. The book explains why this happens and suggests the way out. By defining the characteristics of a strongly elongated body it introduces a special class of asymptotic approximations, which are in some sense uniform with respect to the rate of body elongation. Chapter 1 briefly describes the results of V. A. Fock and further developments of his approach towards the problems of diffraction by elongated obstacles. It formulates the cases of moderately and strongly elongated bodies. The rest of the book describes the approach of special parabolic equations, which lead to new asymptotic approximations for the diffracted fields. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 discuss diffraction by bodies of elliptical shape: The elliptic cylinder with a strongly elongated cross section and prolate spheroid with a high aspect ratio. Chapter 5 generalizes the approach to some other shapes such as narrow cones and narrow hyperboloids. Mathematical formulas for the Whittaker functions widely used in the book are collected in the Appendix. The concise derivations are supplied with numerous test examples that compare asymptotic approximations with numerically computed fields and clarify the specifics of high frequency diffraction by strongly elongated bodies. The reference solutions presented in the book enable one to validate the newly developed numerical solvers.

Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Electrodynamics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Acoustics. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Mathematics --- Dynamics --- Light, Wave theory of --- Optics --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Wave-particle duality --- Optics, Geometrical --- Diffraction. --- Light

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The main aim of this book is to shine a spotlight on key experiments and their crucial importance for advancing our understanding of physics. Physics is an empirical science, and experiments have always been a driving force in the development of our understanding of nature. Facts matter. In that sense, the book attempts to be complementary to the many popularizations of theoretical physics, and to counterbalance the frequent emphasis there on more speculative ideas. Experimental physics is also an essential pillar in physics teaching, as well as helping broader audiences to better understand important concepts, particularly in challenging fields such as relativity or quantum physics, where our common sense intuition often fails. Readers are taken on an historical journey, starting with “Free Fall” and culminating in “Spooky Action at a Distance”. En route they will encounter many important branches of physics, whose main ideas and theoretical description will be given a more empirical meaning. At the end, the reader is invited to reflect on what could be exciting and important directions for fundamental physics. All readers with an undergraduate degree in physical sciences or engineering will enjoy and learn much from this stimulating and original text.

Physics --- Experiments. --- Philosophy. --- Gravitation. --- Quantum physics. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Electrodynamics. --- Optical spectroscopy. --- Nuclear physics. --- Gravitational Physics. --- Quantum Physics. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Optical Spectroscopy. --- Nuclear and Particle Physics. --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Relativity (Physics) --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Spectroscopy, Optical --- Visible spectroscopy --- Spectrum analysis --- Dynamics --- Light, Wave theory of --- Optics --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Wave-particle duality --- Optics, Geometrical --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Properties