Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Gilt das Verbot der Tötung Unschuldiger absolut oder darf selbst diese fundamentale Moralnorm unter Ausnahmebedingungen verletzt werden? Wir leben in einer Welt voller Gefahren. Das Leben von Menschen wird bedroht durch verbrecherische Diktaturen, terroristische Anschläge, technische Havarien und Katastrophen verschiedener Art. Dürfen solche Gefahren notfalls auch dann bekämpft werden, wenn dabei Unschuldige getötet werden oder ihr Tod in Kauf genommen werden muss? Das Buch gibt eine moralphilosophische Antwort auf diese politisch, ethisch und rechtlich umstrittene Frage. Lothar Fritze analysiert das Rechtsdogma der Nichtabwägungsfähigkeit menschlichen Lebens und fragt, wie sich das Verbot der Tötung Unschuldiger mit der verbreiteten moralischen Intuition vereinbaren lässt, wonach in Extremfällen durchaus einige wenige unschuldige Menschen geopfert werden dürfen, um sehr viele andere Unschuldige zu retten. We live in a world full of dangers. Human life is at risk from criminal dictatorships, terrorist attacks, technical disasters and catastrophesof various kinds. In an emergency, is it legitimate to counter such perils if that means that innocent life has to be taken or put at risk of death? The book gives a moral philosopher's response to this politically, ethically and legally controversial question.

Political ethics. --- Civilian war casualties. --- Victims. --- Persons --- Casualties, Civilian war --- Civilian casualties of war --- War casualties --- Ethics, Political --- Ethics in government --- Government ethics --- Political science --- Politics, Practical --- Ethics --- Civics --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Civilian war casualties --- Political ethics --- Victims

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Alors que la guerre fait encore rage en Syrie et que les sociétés de la rive sud de la Méditerranée hésitent entre protestation ouverte et crainte de la violence d'État, il importe de saisir la place qu'occupent les morts de guerre dans ces pays du Proche et du Moyen-Orient, où ils paraissent si intimement liés à la culture politique. À chaque fois, ici comme ailleurs, que ce soit lors d'assassinats politiques, lors de massacres accompagnant une guerre civile ou sur des champs de bataille, il faut que les morts de guerre fassent sens, pour que leur potentiel de destruction soit affaibli. C'est pourquoi ils sont si importants à étudier pour comprendre ces sociétés car ils nous informent sur la fabrique du social, sur ses dynamiques de cohésion comme sur les tensions qui la traversent, notamment à l'occasion des processus de construction mémorielle dont ils sont l'objet. Beaucoup de ces morts sont des civils ; tous sont dits « martyrs ». L'omniprésence de cette figure confère aux morts de guerre une charge de sacralité religieuse qui les rattache à des univers symboliques nourris d'imaginaires religieux, ici essentiellement sunnite mais aussi chiite ou chrétien. Il importe de les regarder de près pour saisir l'épaisseur historique de ces constructions ainsi que leur intense imbrication avec les processus sociaux et politiques en cours.

Civilian war casualties --- War victims --- War casualties --- Regions & Countries - Asia & the Middle East --- History & Archaeology --- Middle East --- Casualties, War --- War --- Victims of war --- Casualties, Civilian war --- Civilian casualties of war --- Casualties --- Casualties (Statistics, etc.) --- Victims --- War wounds --- martyr --- ancien combattant --- assassinat politique --- guerre

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Accidental harm to civilians in warfare often becomes an occasion for public outrage, from citizens of both the victimized and the victimizing nation. In this vitally important book on a topic of acute concern for anyone interested in military strategy, international security, or human rights, Alexander B. Downes reminds readers that democratic and authoritarian governments alike will sometimes deliberately kill large numbers of civilians as a matter of military strategy. What leads governments to make such a choice?Downes examines several historical cases: British counterinsurgency tactics during the Boer War, the starvation blockade used by the Allies against Germany in World War I, Axis and Allied bombing campaigns in World War II, and ethnic cleansing in the Palestine War. He concludes that governments decide to target civilian populations for two main reasons-desperation to reduce their own military casualties or avert defeat, or a desire to seize and annex enemy territory. When a state's military fortunes take a turn for the worse, he finds, civilians are more likely to be declared legitimate targets to coerce the enemy state to give up. When territorial conquest and annexation are the aims of warfare, the population of the disputed land is viewed as a threat and the aggressor state may target those civilians to remove them. Democracies historically have proven especially likely to target civilians in desperate circumstances.In Targeting Civilians in War, Downes explores several major recent conflicts, including the 1991 Persian Gulf War and the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Civilian casualties occurred in each campaign, but they were not the aim of military action. In these cases, Downes maintains, the achievement of quick and decisive victories against overmatched foes allowed democracies to win without abandoning their normative beliefs by intentionally targeting civilians. Whether such "restraint" can be guaranteed in future conflicts against more powerful adversaries is, however, uncertain. During times of war, democratic societies suffer tension between norms of humane conduct and pressures to win at the lowest possible costs. The painful lesson of Targeting Civilians in War is that when these two concerns clash, the latter usually prevails.

Civilian war casualties --- Civilians in war. --- War victims --- War and society --- Politics and war --- Military history, Modern --- War --- War and politics --- Society and war --- Sociology --- Civilians in war --- Sociology, Military --- Victims of war --- Victims --- Casualties, Civilian war --- Civilian casualties of war --- War casualties --- History --- Political aspects --- Social aspects

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Although the Blitz has come to symbolize the experience of civilians under attack, Germany first launched air raids on Britain at the end of 1914 and continued them during the First World War. With the advent of air warfare, civilians far removed from traditional battle zones became a direct target of war rather than a group shielded from its impact. This is a study of how British civilians experienced and came to terms with aerial warfare during the First and Second World Wars. Memories of the World War I bombings shaped British responses to the various real and imagined war threats of the 1920s and 1930s, including the bombing of civilians during the Spanish Civil War and, ultimately, the Blitz itself. The processes by which different constituent bodies of the British nation responded to the arrival of air power reveal the particular role that gender played in defining civilian participation in modern war.

Bombing, Aerial --- Civil defense --- Civilian war casualties --- Civilians in war --- World War, 1914-1918 --- World War, 1939-1945 --- War --- War and society --- Casualties, Civilian war --- Civilian casualties of war --- War casualties --- Air defenses, Civil --- Civilian defense --- Defense, Civil --- Emergency preparedness --- Protection of civilians --- Defensive (Military science) --- Public safety --- Aerial bombing --- Air strikes --- Airstrikes --- Air warfare --- Bombardment --- Bombers --- Social aspects --- History --- Aerial operations, German. --- Great Britain --- History, Military. --- Arts and Humanities

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The authors examine available open-source data on Iraqi civilian fatalities and assess problems associated with previous collection efforts. They present a more robust dataset and propose a framework for future data gathering in Iraq and beyond.

Civilian war casualties --- Violent deaths --- Casualties. --- Casualties, Civilian war --- Civilian casualties of war --- Anglo-American Invasion of Iraq, 2003-2011 --- Dawn, Operation New, 2010-2011 --- Gulf War II, 2003-2011 --- Iraqi Freedom, Operation, 2003-2010 --- New Dawn, Operation, 2010-2011 --- Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2003-2010 --- Operation New Dawn, 2010-2011 --- Operation Telic, 2003-2011 --- Persian Gulf War, 2003-2011 --- Telic, Operation, 2003-2011 --- Iraq War, 2003-2011 --- Counterinsurgency --- Counterguerrilla warfare --- Guerrilla warfare --- Insurgency --- Death --- Mortality --- Violence --- War casualties --- War on Terrorism, 2001-2009 --- Causes