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How is modern civil society created? There are few contemporary studies on this important question and when it is addressed, scholars tend to emphasize the institutional environment that facilitates a modern civil society. However, there is a need for a new perspective on this issue. Contemporary China, where a modern civil society remains in a nascent stage, offers a valuable site to seek new answers. Through a comparative analysis of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in today’s China, this study shows the importance of the human factor, notably the NGO leadership, in the establishment of a modern civil society. In particular, in recognition of the social nature of NGOs, this study engages in a comparative examination of Chinese NGO leaders’ state linkage, media connections and international ties in order to better understand how each factor contributes to effective NGOs.

Environment. --- Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice. --- Organizational Studies, Economic Sociology. --- Political Science, general. --- Environmental sciences. --- Environmental law. --- Sciences de l'environnement --- Environnement --- Droit --- Civil society -- China. --- Leadership. --- Trade associations -- China. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Law, Politics & Government --- Business & Economics --- Political Science --- Environmental Sciences --- Political Theory of the State --- Economic History --- Law, General & Comparative --- Civil society --- Non-governmental organizations --- INGOs (International agencies) --- International non-governmental organizations --- NGOs (International agencies) --- Nongovernmental organizations --- Organizations, Non-governmental (International agencies) --- Private and voluntary organizations (International agencies) --- PVOs (International agencies) --- Political science. --- Environmental policy. --- Economic sociology. --- Political Science. --- International agencies --- Nonprofit organizations --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Environment law --- Environmental control --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- Environmental policy --- Law --- Sustainable development --- Law and legislation --- Economic sociology --- Economics --- Socio-economics --- Socioeconomics --- Sociology of economics --- Sociology --- Environment and state --- Environmental management --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Social aspects --- Government policy