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Le livre a pour ambition de contribuer à une anthropologie du capitalisme en étudiant les diverses formes de circulations et de consommations telles qu'elles se déploient au Moyen-Orient, dans les mondes turcs, arabes et iraniens. L’ouvrage vise ainsi à comprendre comment les changements liés à la globalisation s’inscrivent au quotidien dans des sociétés réputées conservatrices et parfois antagonistes, et cela dans des contextes marqués par d’importants bouleversements politiques et économiques, en particulier depuis 2011. Les chapitres de cet ouvrage collectif portent sur des métropoles (Alep, Istanbul, Koweït, Qom, Téhéran) fortement impactées par les orientations néolibérales que la région a connues ces deux dernières décennies. Leurs auteurs s’appuient sur diverses sciences humaines et sociales (anthropologie, géographie, sciences politiques, sociologie et économie, histoire), à partir d’approches « par le bas », soucieuses des connectivités et des ordinaires de la globalisation. Ce livre propose ainsi une perception renouvelée des dynamiques actuelles au Moyen-Orient.

Political Science --- bazar --- café --- cafés --- circulations régionales --- circulations transnationales --- consommation --- économie politique --- globalisation --- globalisation ottomane --- halal --- islam --- Kurban Bayramı --- Laleli --- métropole secondaire --- métropoles --- mobilité --- mobilités transfrontalières --- shopping mall --- bazaar --- coffee --- coffee shops --- regional circulations --- transnational circulations --- consumption --- political economy --- Ottoman globalisation --- Islam --- secondary metropolis --- metropolises --- mobility --- cross-border mobilities --- cross-border mobilit --- Middle East --- Economic conditions --- Globalization --- Consumption (Economics)

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Microcirculation. --- Periodicals --- Vascular diseases --- Vascular diseases. --- Microvascular Blood Flow --- Microvascular Circulation --- Blood Flow, Microvascular --- Circulation, Microvascular --- Flow, Microvascular Blood --- Microvascular Blood Flows --- Microvascular Circulations --- Microcirculation

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What interpretation(s) do today’s historians make of electrification? Electrification is a process which began almost a hundred and fifty years ago but which more than one billion men and women still do not have access to. This book displays the social diversity of the electric worlds and of the approaches to their history. It updates the historical knowledge and shows the renewal of the historiography in both its themes and its approaches. Four questions about the passage to the electrical age are raised: which innovations or combination of innovations made this passage a reality? According to which networks and appropriation? Evolving thanks to which tensions and alliances? And resulting in which transition and accumulation?

Quel(s) regard(s) les historiens d’aujourd’hui portent-ils sur l’électrification, processus engagé il y a près de cent cinquante ans mais auquel plus d’un milliard d’hommes et de femmes restent encore étrangers ? Le présent volume rend compte de la diversité des mondes sociaux électriques et des manières d’enquêter sur leur histoire. Il actualise les connaissances et témoigne du renouvellement de l’historiographie, dans ses objets et ses approches. Quatre points d’interrogation sur le basculement des sociétés dans l’âge électrique jalonnent le volume : moyennant quelles créations ou combinaisons créatrices ? En vertu de quelles circulations et appropriations ? Selon quelles tensions et alliances ? Et produisant quelles transitions et accumulations ?

Education --- Computer network resources. --- Electricity --- Electric industries --- History. --- Industries --- 19th–21st --- Beltran --- Circulations --- Creations --- Electric --- Électricité --- électrification --- électriques --- énergie --- Histoire --- Mondes --- Tensions --- Transitions --- Worlds

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Mountainous regions occupy a significant fraction of the Earth’s continents and are characterized by specific meteorological phenomena operating on a wide range of scales. Being a home to large human populations, the impact of mountains on weather and hydrology has significant practical consequences. Mountains modulate the climate and create micro-climates, induce different types of thermally and dynamically driven circulations, generate atmospheric waves of various scales (known as mountain waves), and affect the boundary layer characteristics and the dispersion of pollutants. At the local scale, strong downslope winds linked with mountain waves (such as the Foehn and Bora) can cause severe damage. Mountain wave breaking in the high atmosphere is a source of Clear Air Turbulence, and lee wave rotors are a major near-surface aviation hazard. Mountains also act to block strongly-stratified air layers, leading to the formation of valley cold-air pools (with implications for road safety, pollution, crop damage, etc.) and gap flows. Presently, neither the fine-scale structure of orographic precipitation nor the initiation of deep convection by mountainous terrain can be resolved adequately by regional-to global-scale models, requiring appropriate downscaling or parameterization. Additionally, the shortest mountain waves need to be parameterized in global weather and climate prediction models, because they exert a drag on the atmosphere. This drag not only decelerates the global atmospheric circulation, but also affects temperatures in the polar stratosphere, which control ozone depletion. It is likely that both mountain wave drag and orographic precipitation lead to non-trivial feedbacks in climate change scenarios. Measurement campaigns such as MAP, T-REX, Materhorn, COLPEX and i-Box provided a wealth of mountain meteorology field data, which is only starting to be explored. Recent advances in computing power allow numerical simulations of unprecedented resolution, e.g. LES modelling of rotors, mountain wave turbulence, and boundary layers in mountainous regions. This will lead to important advances in understanding these phenomena, as well as mixing and pollutant dispersion over complex terrain, or the onset and breakdown of cold-air pools. On the other hand, recent analyses of global circulation biases point towards missing drag, especially in the southern hemisphere, which may be due to processes currently neglected in parameterizations. A better understanding of flow over orography is also crucial for a better management of wind power and a more effective use of data assimilation over complex terrain. This Research Topic includes contributions that aim to shed light on a number of these issues, using theory, numerical modelling, field measurements, and laboratory experiments.

Turbulent fluxes --- Downslope winds --- Large eddy simulation --- Sub-mesoscale circulations --- orographic precipitation --- Thermally-driven flows --- Horizontal inhomogeneity --- Cold air pools --- Hydraulic jumps --- mountain waves

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Mountainous regions occupy a significant fraction of the Earth’s continents and are characterized by specific meteorological phenomena operating on a wide range of scales. Being a home to large human populations, the impact of mountains on weather and hydrology has significant practical consequences. Mountains modulate the climate and create micro-climates, induce different types of thermally and dynamically driven circulations, generate atmospheric waves of various scales (known as mountain waves), and affect the boundary layer characteristics and the dispersion of pollutants. At the local scale, strong downslope winds linked with mountain waves (such as the Foehn and Bora) can cause severe damage. Mountain wave breaking in the high atmosphere is a source of Clear Air Turbulence, and lee wave rotors are a major near-surface aviation hazard. Mountains also act to block strongly-stratified air layers, leading to the formation of valley cold-air pools (with implications for road safety, pollution, crop damage, etc.) and gap flows. Presently, neither the fine-scale structure of orographic precipitation nor the initiation of deep convection by mountainous terrain can be resolved adequately by regional-to global-scale models, requiring appropriate downscaling or parameterization. Additionally, the shortest mountain waves need to be parameterized in global weather and climate prediction models, because they exert a drag on the atmosphere. This drag not only decelerates the global atmospheric circulation, but also affects temperatures in the polar stratosphere, which control ozone depletion. It is likely that both mountain wave drag and orographic precipitation lead to non-trivial feedbacks in climate change scenarios. Measurement campaigns such as MAP, T-REX, Materhorn, COLPEX and i-Box provided a wealth of mountain meteorology field data, which is only starting to be explored. Recent advances in computing power allow numerical simulations of unprecedented resolution, e.g. LES modelling of rotors, mountain wave turbulence, and boundary layers in mountainous regions. This will lead to important advances in understanding these phenomena, as well as mixing and pollutant dispersion over complex terrain, or the onset and breakdown of cold-air pools. On the other hand, recent analyses of global circulation biases point towards missing drag, especially in the southern hemisphere, which may be due to processes currently neglected in parameterizations. A better understanding of flow over orography is also crucial for a better management of wind power and a more effective use of data assimilation over complex terrain. This Research Topic includes contributions that aim to shed light on a number of these issues, using theory, numerical modelling, field measurements, and laboratory experiments.

Turbulent fluxes --- Downslope winds --- Large eddy simulation --- Sub-mesoscale circulations --- orographic precipitation --- Thermally-driven flows --- Horizontal inhomogeneity --- Cold air pools --- Hydraulic jumps --- mountain waves