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It has been long assumed that following the resolution of acute injuries, traumatic brain injury represents a stable neural entity. However, there is growing evidence that a single moderate-severe brain injury may instead trigger an ongoing deteriorative process that commences sub-acutely, and occurs regardless of age. For scientists and clinicians, it is critical to examine this body of evidence and to explore its implications. Do the findings represent a neurodegenerative process or can they be alternatively explained? What are the neural, behavioural and functional characteristics of this progressive deterioration? Such information is needed to develop treatments to prevent or mitigate decline, and to inform the clinical care of brain injured patients. Research and clinical practice are influenced by the assumption that moderate-severe TBI is non-progressive, with few studies exploring treatments to prevent progression, and rehabilitation typically concentrated in the early stages of injury. Brain injuries can never be fully prevented. However, understanding that such progressive deterioration occurs opens a novel area of research - prevention of secondary decline - offering new possibilities for the improvement of long-term outcomes in people with traumatic brain injury.

Atrophy --- chronic TBI --- neurodegeneration --- moderate-severe TBI --- chronic traumatic encephalopathy

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The term chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has recently gained a significant amount of media coverage. However, a large proportion of the information disseminated through the media pertaining to the etiology, neuropathology, and clinical manifestations of CTE are not corroborated by empirical research, and are disputed by prominent researchers who study sports related head injury. This book reviews the existing literature pertaining to these components of CTE and includes unique case studies of several retired NFL players that received a comprehensive neuropsychological battery from a board certified neuropsychologist, among other populations. It investigates the claim that CTE causes depression, violent behavior, and an increased risk for suicide by providing an in depth discussion using empirical data. Highlighting the importance of adhering to post concussion protocol and appreciating the long-term consequences of repeated head trauma, this unique review of the current research on CTE will be useful to students and professionals in psychology and neurology. .

Brain --- Central nervous system --- Diseases. --- Sports-Psychological aspects. --- Sport Psychology. --- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy --- diagnosis. --- psychology. --- complications. --- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy. --- Sports—Psychological aspects.

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Soccer injuries. --- Sports injuries in children. --- Soccer for children --- Soccer injuries --- Brain --- Brain Concussion --- Risk Assessment --- Adolescent --- Soccer --- Age Groups --- Sports --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Head Injuries, Closed --- Brain Injuries --- Risk --- Wounds, Nonpenetrating --- Risk Management --- Craniocerebral Trauma --- Organization and Administration --- Probability --- Recreation --- Brain Diseases --- Wounds and Injuries --- Persons --- Public Health --- Trauma, Nervous System --- Statistics as Topic --- Leisure Activities --- Environment and Public Health --- Central Nervous System Diseases --- Named Groups --- Health Services Administration --- Diseases --- Nervous System Diseases --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care --- Human Activities --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Quality of Health Care --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Investigative Techniques --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Sports Medicine --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Health aspects --- Concussion --- Axonotmesis --- Injuries, Nervous System --- Neurotmesis --- Craniocervical Injuries --- Nervous System Injuries --- Axonotmeses --- Craniocervical Injury --- Nervous System Injury --- Nervous System Trauma --- Nervous System Traumas --- Neurotmeses --- Nervous System --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Person --- Injuries and Wounds --- Injuries, Wounds --- Research-Related Injuries --- Wounds --- Wounds and Injury --- Wounds, Injury --- Injuries --- Trauma --- Injuries, Research-Related --- Injury --- Injury and Wounds --- Injury, Research-Related --- Research Related Injuries --- Research-Related Injury --- Traumas --- Wound --- Brain Disorders --- CNS Disorders, Intracranial --- Central Nervous System Disorders, Intracranial --- Central Nervous System Intracranial Disorders --- Encephalon Diseases --- Encephalopathy --- Intracranial CNS Disorders --- Intracranial Central Nervous System Disorders --- Brain Disease --- Brain Disorder --- CNS Disorder, Intracranial --- Encephalon Disease --- Encephalopathies --- Intracranial CNS Disorder --- Recreations --- Probabilities --- Administration and Organization --- Administrative Technics --- Administrative Techniques --- Coordination, Administrative --- Logistics --- Supervision --- Technics, Administrative --- Techniques, Administrative --- Administration --- Administrative Coordination --- Administrative Technic --- Administrative Technique --- Technic, Administrative --- Technique, Administrative --- Craniocerebral Injuries --- Crushing Skull Injury --- Forehead Trauma --- Head Injuries, Multiple --- Head Injury, Minor --- Head Injury, Open --- Head Injury, Superficial --- Injuries, Craniocerebral --- Injuries, Head --- Multiple Head Injuries --- Occipital Trauma --- Open Head Injury --- Superficial Head Injury --- Trauma, Head --- Frontal Region Trauma --- Head Injuries --- Head Trauma --- Occipital Region Trauma --- Parietal Region Trauma --- Temporal Region Trauma --- Craniocerebral Injury --- Craniocerebral Traumas --- Crushing Skull Injuries --- Forehead Traumas --- Frontal Region Traumas --- Head Injuries, Minor --- Head Injuries, Open --- Head Injuries, Superficial --- Head Injury --- Head Injury, Multiple --- Head Traumas --- Injuries, Minor Head --- Injuries, Multiple Head --- Injuries, Open Head --- Injuries, Superficial Head --- Injury, Craniocerebral --- Injury, Head --- Injury, Minor Head --- Injury, Multiple Head --- Injury, Open Head --- Injury, Superficial Head --- Minor Head Injuries --- Minor Head Injury --- Multiple Head Injury --- Occipital Region Traumas --- Occipital Traumas --- Open Head Injuries --- Parietal Region Traumas --- Region Trauma, Frontal --- Region Trauma, Occipital --- Region Trauma, Parietal --- Region Traumas, Frontal --- Region Traumas, Occipital --- Region Traumas, Parietal --- Skull Injuries, Crushing --- Skull Injury, Crushing --- Superficial Head Injuries --- Temporal Region Traumas --- Trauma, Craniocerebral --- Trauma, Forehead --- Trauma, Frontal Region --- Trauma, Occipital --- Trauma, Occipital Region --- Trauma, Parietal Region --- Trauma, Temporal Region --- Traumas, Craniocerebral --- Traumas, Forehead --- Traumas, Frontal Region --- Traumas, Head --- Traumas, Occipital --- Traumas, Occipital Region --- Traumas, Parietal Region --- Traumas, Temporal Region --- Head --- Hospital Incident Reportings --- Incident Reporting --- Incident Reportings, Hospital --- Management, Risks --- Reporting, Hospital Incident --- Reportings, Hospital Risk --- Voluntary Patient Safety Event Reporting --- Hospital Incident Reporting --- Incident Reporting, Hospital --- Hospital Risk Reporting --- Hospital Risk Reportings --- Incident Reportings --- Management, Risk --- Reporting, Hospital Risk --- Reporting, Incident --- Reportings, Hospital Incident --- Reportings, Incident --- Risk Reporting, Hospital --- Risk Reportings, Hospital --- Risks Management --- Injuries, Blunt --- Nonpenetrating Injuries --- Blunt Injuries --- Injuries, Nonpenetrating --- Blunt Injury --- Injury, Blunt --- Injury, Nonpenetrating --- Nonpenetrating Injury --- Nonpenetrating Wound --- Nonpenetrating Wounds --- Wound, Nonpenetrating --- Relative Risk --- Relative Risks --- Risk, Relative --- Risks --- Risks, Relative --- Acute Brain Injuries --- Brain Injuries, Acute --- Brain Injuries, Focal --- Focal Brain Injuries --- Injuries, Acute Brain --- Injuries, Brain --- Brain Lacerations --- Acute Brain Injury --- Brain Injury --- Brain Injury, Acute --- Brain Injury, Focal --- Brain Laceration --- Focal Brain Injury --- Injuries, Focal Brain --- Injury, Acute Brain --- Injury, Brain --- Injury, Focal Brain --- Laceration, Brain --- Lacerations, Brain --- Closed Head Injuries --- Head Injury, Blunt --- Head Injury, Nonpenetrating --- Injuries, Closed Head --- Head Injuries, Nonpenetrating --- Head Trauma, Closed --- Blunt Head Injuries --- Blunt Head Injury --- Closed Head Injury --- Closed Head Trauma --- Closed Head Traumas --- Head Injuries, Blunt --- Head Injury, Closed --- Head Traumas, Closed --- Nonpenetrating Head Injuries --- Nonpenetrating Head Injury --- Measurements, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Measurement --- Measurement, Epidemiologic --- Athletics --- Athletic --- Sport --- Age Group --- Group, Age --- Groups, Age --- Soccers --- Adolescents --- Adolescents, Female --- Adolescents, Male --- Teenagers --- Teens --- Adolescence --- Youth --- Adolescent, Female --- Adolescent, Male --- Female Adolescent --- Female Adolescents --- Male Adolescent --- Male Adolescents --- Teen --- Teenager --- Youths --- Heatlh Risk Assessment --- Risks and Benefits --- Assessment, Risk --- Benefit-Risk Assessment --- Risk-Benefit Assessment --- Assessment, Benefit-Risk --- Assessment, Heatlh Risk --- Assessment, Risk-Benefit --- Assessments, Benefit-Risk --- Assessments, Heatlh Risk --- Assessments, Risk --- Assessments, Risk-Benefit --- Benefit Risk Assessment --- Benefit-Risk Assessments --- Benefits and Risks --- Heatlh Risk Assessments --- Risk Assessment, Heatlh --- Risk Assessments --- Risk Assessments, Heatlh --- Risk Benefit Assessment --- Risk-Benefit Assessments --- Commotio Cerebri --- Concussion, Intermediate --- Concussion, Mild --- Concussion, Severe --- Mild Traumatic Brain Injury --- Cerebral Concussion --- Brain Concussions --- Cerebral Concussions --- Concussion, Brain --- Concussion, Cerebral --- Intermediate Concussion --- Intermediate Concussions --- Mild Concussion --- Mild Concussions --- Severe Concussion --- Severe Concussions --- Cerebrum --- Mind --- Soccer players --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Activities, Human --- Activity, Human --- Human Activity --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Nervous System Disorders --- Neurological Disorders --- Neurologic Disorders --- Disease, Nervous System --- Diseases, Nervous System --- Disorder, Nervous System --- Disorder, Neurologic --- Disorder, Neurological --- Disorders, Nervous System --- Disorders, Neurologic --- Disorders, Neurological --- Nervous System Disease --- Nervous System Disorder --- Neurologic Disorder --- Neurological Disorder --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- CNS Diseases --- Central Nervous System Disorders --- CNS Disease --- Leisure --- Activities, Leisure --- Activity, Leisure --- Leisure Activity --- Leisures --- Area Analysis --- Correlation Studies --- Correlation Study --- Correlation of Data --- Data Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Data --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Analysis, Area --- Analysis, Data --- Analysis, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Data Analyses --- Data Correlation --- Data Correlations --- Estimation Technic --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Correlation --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Correlation --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Estimation --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- injuries --- Accidents and injuries --- Wounds and injuries --- methods --- organization & administration --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- First Aid --- Traumatology --- Optic Nerve Injuries --- Olfactory Nerve Diseases --- Truth Disclosure --- Risk Reduction Behavior --- Harm Reduction --- Exercise Therapy --- Physical Exertion --- Exercise --- Exercise Movement Techniques --- Minors --- Health Risk Assessment --- Assessment, Health Risk --- Assessments, Health Risk --- Health Risk Assessments --- Risk Assessment, Health --- Risk Assessments, Health --- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy --- Central nervous system --- Sports injuries --- Sports for children --- Pharmacy Audit --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Audits --- Neurology --- Animal Assisted Therapy --- Incidence --- Risk Analysis --- Analysis, Risk --- Risk Analyses --- Central Nervous System Disease --- Central Nervous System Disorder