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S10/0401 --- Optical fibers --- -Solitons --- -Pulses, Solitary wave --- Solitary wave pulses --- Wave pulses, Solitary --- Connections (Mathematics) --- Nonlinear theories --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Light guides (Optical fibers) --- Fiber optics --- Fibers --- Optical materials --- Optical wave guides --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Salt monopoly (incl. Yantielun) --- Congresses --- Solitons --- Congresses. --- -China: Economics, industry and commerce--Salt monopoly (incl. Yantielun)

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From its inception in the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.), the salt monopoly was a key component in the Chinese government's financial toolkit. Salt, with its highly localized and large-scale production, was an ideal target for bureaucratic management. In the Song dynasty (960-1279), fiscal pressures on the government had intensified with increased centralization and bureaucratization. A bloated administration and an enormous standing army maintained against incursions by aggressive steppe neighbors placed tremendous strain on Song finances. Developing the salt monopoly seemed a logical and indeed urgent strategy, but each actor in this plan -- the emperor, local officials, monopoly administrators, producers, merchants, and consumers -- had his own interests to protect and advance. Thus attempts to maximize the effectiveness of the monopoly meant frequent policy swings and led to levels of corruption that would ultimately undo the Song. Unlike other contemporary sources, the 'Songshi' treatise organizes its subject into an intelligible and detailed narrative, elucidating special terminology, the bureaucracy and its processes, and debates relating to Chinese finance and politics, as well as the salt industry itself. Professor Chien's extensive annotation relies on parallel histories that corroborate and supplement the 'Songshi' account, together providing a comprehensive study of this important institution in China's premodern political economy. Cecilia Chien is Assistant Professor in the Division of Humanities at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

Government monopolies --- Salt industry and trade --- History. --- Song shi. --- China --- History --- Nonmetallic minerals industry --- Monopolies, Government --- State monopolies --- Government business enterprises --- Government ownership --- Monopolies --- Monograph on salt in the Shihuozhi of the Songshi --- Songshi salt monopoly treatise --- S10/0401 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Salt monopoly (incl. Yantielun)