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This paper explores the dynamics of media chatter about economic reforms using text analysis from about a billion newspaper articles in 28 languages. The paper shows that the intensity of reform chatter increases during economic downturns. This increase is more significant in democracies. Using instrumental variable techniques, the analysis finds the relationship to be causal. The paper also documents that reform chatter is followed by actual reforms, suggesting that democracies benefit from a "self-correcting" mechanism stemming from changing popular attitudes toward reform.

Broadcast and Media --- Business Cycle --- Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies --- Chatter --- Democracy --- Democratic Government --- Economic Adjustment and Lending --- Governance --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Media --- Political Economy --- Public Sector Reform --- Reform

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As we move further into the 21st century, despite the fact that new technologies have emerged, machining remains the key operation to achieve high productivity and precision for high-added value parts in several sectors, but recent advances in computer applications should close the gap between simulations and industrial practices. This book, “Machining Dynamics and Parameters Process Optimization”, is oriented toward the different strategies and paths when it comes to increasing productivity and reliability in metal removal processes. The topics include the dynamic characterization of machine tools, experimental dampening techniques, and optimization algorithms combined with signal monitoring.

CNC parameters --- machining mode --- high speed --- high accuracy --- high surface quality --- five-axis linear-segment toolpath --- path smoothing --- B-spline curve-fitting --- path synchronization --- feedrate scheduling --- flute-grinding --- evolution algorithms --- wheel location and orientation --- thin-floor machining --- chatter --- magnetorheological damper --- bull-nose end mill --- tool wear monitoring --- milling --- complex part --- deep learning --- autoencoder --- deep multi-layer perceptron --- tool condition monitoring --- tool change policy --- Industry 4.0 --- machine learning --- CNN --- AI --- additive manufacturing --- thin walled machining --- dynamics --- machining cycle optimization --- multivariable tool --- stable peninsula --- homotopy perturbation method --- machining robot --- natural frequency prediction --- model optimization --- dynamic performance --- stability --- machining --- grinding --- n/a

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Product miniaturization is a trend for facilitating product usage, enabling product functions to be implemented in microscale geometries, and aimed at reducing product weight, volume, cost and pollution. Driven by ongoing miniaturization in diverse areas, including medical devices, precision equipment, communication devices, micro-electromechanical systems and microsystems technology, the demands for micro metallic products have been tremendously increased. Such a trend requires the development of advanced technology for the micromanufacturing of metallic materials, with regard to producing high-quality micro metallic products that possess excellent dimensional tolerances, the required mechanical properties and improved surface quality. Micromanufacturing differs from conventional manufacturing technology in terms of materials, processes, tools, and machines and equipment, due to the miniaturization nature of the whole micromanufacturing system, which challenges the rapid development of micromanufacturing technology. Such a background has prompted and encouraged us to publish a scholarly book on the topic of the micromanufacturing of metallic materials, with the purpose of providing readers with a valuable document that can be used in the research and development of micromanufacturing technology. This book will be useful for both theoretical and applied research aimed at micromanufacturing technology, and will serve as an important research tool, providing knowledge to be returned to the community not only as valuable scientific literature, but also as technology, processes and productivities.

magnesium alloy --- equal channel angular pressing --- processing route --- miniaturized tensile tests --- slip systems --- twinning --- slow tool servo --- ultra-precision diamond turning --- micro lens arrays (MLAs) --- chatter mark --- forming method --- metallic glasses --- thermoplastic microforming --- ultrasonic vibration --- formability --- freeform optics --- tool path generation --- large aperture optics --- ultra-thin foil --- slip system evolution --- tensile process --- crystal plasticity --- numerical simulation --- grain orientation --- fine blanking --- metallic microgear --- finite element analysis --- electron backscatter diffraction --- critical fracture value --- packaging --- copper substrate --- micro-embossing --- micro-textures --- plasma printing --- micro-punch array --- screen printing --- AISI316 --- surface microstructure --- electrically-assisted rolling --- current density --- T2 copper foil --- additive manufacturing --- residual stress --- thermal stress --- distortion --- prevention --- modeling --- computation --- electrically assisted --- bio-inspired functional surface --- bulk metallic glass --- photolithography --- acoustic softening --- residual effect --- microthin sheet --- forming limit --- punch load --- cut surface quality --- optimum clearance --- blanking experimental --- finite element method analysis --- EDM --- surface --- optimization --- machining --- titanium --- difficult-to-cut material --- Inconel 718 alloy --- micro-drilling --- aspect ratio hole --- deionized water --- micromanufacturing --- metallic materials --- miniaturization --- micro products

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Product miniaturization is a trend for facilitating product usage, enabling product functions to be implemented in microscale geometries, and aimed at reducing product weight, volume, cost and pollution. Driven by ongoing miniaturization in diverse areas, including medical devices, precision equipment, communication devices, micro-electromechanical systems and microsystems technology, the demands for micro metallic products have been tremendously increased. Such a trend requires the development of advanced technology for the micromanufacturing of metallic materials, with regard to producing high-quality micro metallic products that possess excellent dimensional tolerances, the required mechanical properties and improved surface quality. Micromanufacturing differs from conventional manufacturing technology in terms of materials, processes, tools, and machines and equipment, due to the miniaturization nature of the whole micromanufacturing system, which challenges the rapid development of micromanufacturing technology. Such a background has prompted and encouraged us to publish a scholarly book on the topic of the micromanufacturing of metallic materials, with the purpose of providing readers with a valuable document that can be used in the research and development of micromanufacturing technology. This book will be useful for both theoretical and applied research aimed at micromanufacturing technology, and will serve as an important research tool, providing knowledge to be returned to the community not only as valuable scientific literature, but also as technology, processes and productivities.

History of engineering & technology --- magnesium alloy --- equal channel angular pressing --- processing route --- miniaturized tensile tests --- slip systems --- twinning --- slow tool servo --- ultra-precision diamond turning --- micro lens arrays (MLAs) --- chatter mark --- forming method --- metallic glasses --- thermoplastic microforming --- ultrasonic vibration --- formability --- freeform optics --- tool path generation --- large aperture optics --- ultra-thin foil --- slip system evolution --- tensile process --- crystal plasticity --- numerical simulation --- grain orientation --- fine blanking --- metallic microgear --- finite element analysis --- electron backscatter diffraction --- critical fracture value --- packaging --- copper substrate --- micro-embossing --- micro-textures --- plasma printing --- micro-punch array --- screen printing --- AISI316 --- surface microstructure --- electrically-assisted rolling --- current density --- T2 copper foil --- additive manufacturing --- residual stress --- thermal stress --- distortion --- prevention --- modeling --- computation --- electrically assisted --- bio-inspired functional surface --- bulk metallic glass --- photolithography --- acoustic softening --- residual effect --- microthin sheet --- forming limit --- punch load --- cut surface quality --- optimum clearance --- blanking experimental --- finite element method analysis --- EDM --- surface --- optimization --- machining --- titanium --- difficult-to-cut material --- Inconel 718 alloy --- micro-drilling --- aspect ratio hole --- deionized water --- micromanufacturing --- metallic materials --- miniaturization --- micro products

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The Special Issue Machining—Recent Advances, Applications and Challenges is intended as a humble collection of some of the hottest topics in machining. The manufacturing industry is a varying and challenging environment where new advances emerge from one day to another. In recent years, new manufacturing procedures have retained increasing attention from the industrial and scientific community. However, machining still remains the key operation to achieve high productivity and precision for high-added value parts. Continuous research is performed, and new ideas are constantly considered. This Special Issue summarizes selected high-quality papers which were submitted, peer-reviewed, and recommended by experts. It covers some (but not only) of the following topics: High performance operations for difficult-to-cut alloys, wrought and cast materials, light alloys, ceramics, etc.; Cutting tools, grades, substrates and coatings. Wear damage; Advanced cooling in machining: Minimum quantity of lubricant, dry or cryogenics; Modelling, focused on the reduction of risks, the process outcome, and to maintain surface integrity; Vibration problems in machines: Active and passive/predictive methods, sources, diagnosis and avoidance; Influence of machining in new concepts of machine–tool, and machine static and dynamic behaviors; Machinability of new composites, brittle and emerging materials; Assisted machining processes by high-pressure, laser, US, and others; Introduction of new analytics and decision making into machining programming. We wish to thank the reviewers and staff from Materials for their comments, advice, suggestions and invaluable support during the development of this Special Issue.

in situ estimation --- modeling --- simulation --- variable pitch --- X-ray diffraction --- cutting edge preparation --- plastic zone --- flank milling --- surface roughness --- power consumption --- cutting tool --- fatigue --- additive manufacturing --- optimization --- trochoidal step --- surface topography --- sinusoidal grid --- milling --- desirability approach --- electrochemical discharge machining --- fast simulation --- Inconel 718 --- secondary adhesion wear --- machinability --- hybrid stacks drilling --- cooling rate --- shape memory alloy --- residual stress --- diameter variation --- turning --- computer vision --- workholding --- on-machine monitoring --- chip morphology --- dry-cutting --- turning machine tools --- SACE-drilled hole depth --- residual stresses --- cryogenic machining --- prime machining costs --- PVD Ti0.41Al0.59N/Ti0.55Al0.45N coating --- single point incremental sheet forming --- butt weld joint --- dish angle --- machining characteristic --- DSC test --- segmented diamond blade --- cutting tool wear --- ultra-precision machining --- ceramics --- shape memory effect --- current density --- fractal dimension --- crack growth rate --- drilling --- force–temperature correlation through analytical modeling --- finite element model --- analytic solution --- aluminium --- taguchi method --- multi-objective optimization --- real-time prediction --- Gamma-TiAl --- cutting temperature --- EN 31 steel --- superalloys --- material-removal rate --- glass machining --- corner radius --- thin-wall machining --- vibration --- GPU --- titanium aluminides --- minimum quantity lubrication --- machining temperatures at two deformation zones --- finite element method --- roughness --- slight materials --- high computational efficiency --- dynamic --- adhesive --- heat transfer analysis --- connections --- stability --- vibrations --- trochoidal milling --- magnesium alloys --- specific cutting energy --- laser-assisted machining --- artificial neutral network --- microscopic analysis --- Milling stability --- topography --- weight loss --- modal testing --- sustainable machining --- dry --- damping --- ductile machining --- Inconel® 718 --- modelling --- cutting edge microgeometry --- electropulsing --- PCD --- cutting geometry --- fixture --- artificial neural networks --- spark-assisted chemical engraving --- machining --- specific energy consumption --- heat transfer search algorithm --- material removal rate --- prediction --- CFRP/UNS A92024 --- tool wear --- titanium alloy --- multi-beam laser --- chip compression ratio --- design of experiments --- concrete --- ANN --- titanium --- chatter --- response surface methodology --- machine tool --- superelastic nitinol --- optimal machining conditions --- machine vision --- steel sheet --- cutting process --- fracture mechanism --- self-excitation --- tool insert condition --- induction assisted milling --- hole quality --- GA --- titanium alloys --- microlens array --- parameter identification --- Taguchi method --- weld reinforcement --- slow tool servo --- cutting parameters --- flank super abrasive machining (SAM) --- stiffness properties --- grey relational analysis --- deflection --- computer numerical control --- grain density --- surface grinding --- the cutting force components --- Huber–Mises stress --- WEDM