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Semiconductors --- Statistical methods --- Characterization --- Measurement
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Light emitting diodes --- Semiconductors --- Characterization
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Semiconductors --- Characterization --- Statistical methods --- Measurement
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The withstanding properties of inorganic membranes provide a set of tools for solving many of the problems that the society is facing, from environmental to energy problems and from water quality to more competitive industries. Such a wide variety of issues requires a fundamental approach, together with the precise description of applications provided by those researchers that have been close to the industrial applications. The contents of this book expand the lectures given in a Summer School of the European Membrane Society. They combine an easily accessible description of the technology, su
Membranes (Technology) --- Inorganic membranes --- Synthesis --- Characterization
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Dieses Buch erleichtert den Studenten an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen den Einstieg in die Werkstoffkunde und -wissenschaft. Dieses Gebiet enthält eine relativ große Zahl von Spezialbegriffen und -problemen, die beim üblichen Verfolgen und Nacharbeiten einer Vorlesung erfahrungsgemäß meist Schwierigkeiten bereiten. In Form von Fragen und Antworten kann der Benutzer nicht nur relativ leicht prüfen, ob er den Vorlesungsstoff verstanden hat, sondern auch älteres Fachwissen auffrischen. Aufbau, Inhalt und Darstellung sind auf das vielfach bewährte Lehrbuch "Werkstoffe" von E. Hornbogen abgestimmt. In der fünften Auflage wurden einige Aktualisierungen eingearbeitet und eine intensive Durchsicht vorgenommen. Insbesondere wurden alle verwendeten Werkstoffbezeichnungen nunmehr an die neuen internationalen Normen angepasst. Nicht zuletzt wurde die Kompatibilität zur 6. und 7. Auflage des Stammwerkes "Werkstoffe" weiter optimiert. .
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Lignocellulosic biomass has great potentials as an alternative feedstock for fuels and chemicals. For effective utilization of biomass, biomass recalcitrance, which is inherent resistance of plant cell walls to biological deconstruction, needs to be reduced. Among many factors in biomass, lignin is significantly related to biomass recalcitrance. Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer, is the largest non-carbohydrate component (15-40% dry weight) in most terrestrial plants. In nature, it provides a structural integrity, facilitates water and nutrient transport, and protects plants from microbial attack. From a different angle, lignin significantly contributes to biomass recalcitrance, so it is necessary to reduce and/or modify the lignin for effective conversion of biomass. Genetic modifications of the lignin biosynthetic pathway and lignin-targeting pretreatments have been developed to minimize the lignin-induced biomass recalcitrance. High carbon content of lignin also renders it an attractive feedstock for many applications. About 100,000 to 200,000 tons of lignin can be generated per year as a byproduct from cellulosic ethanol production, so valorization of these lignins could be one of keys for achieving economic biorefinery. However, investigations of lignin conversion have not been accomplished as the utilization of carbohydrates in biomass. Depolymerization of lignin is still challenging because of its broad distribution of bond strengths, recondensation of low-molecular species, and poor product selectivity. Diverse biological and thermochemical depolymerization methods have been investigated to overcome these barriers. In this Research Topic, recent advancements in biomass recalcitrance by effective utilization of lignin are introduced.
materials --- Biofuels --- characterization --- biorefining --- Bio-derived Chemicals
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Diese umfassende, praxisgerechte und verständliche Darstellung der Werkstoffkunde liegt nach Überarbeitung der Normenbezüge aktualisiert wieder vor. Bewährt wie beliebt ist dieses Lehrbuch gänzlich unerlässlich für jeden, der auf ein solides Grundlagenwissen in den Werkstoffwissenschaften nicht verzichten kann. Idee dieses Buches ist es, stets aufs Neue deutlich zu machen, dass es nur wenige grundlegende Tatsachen und Vorgänge sind, die die Eigenschaften eines Werkstoffes bestimmen. Der Inhalt ist gut strukturiert, viele Abbildungen erleichtern das Verständnis. Die Autoren beschreiben umfassend, aber dennoch straff, die notwendigen Grundlagen. Der Abschnitt "Eisengusswerkstoffe" wurde ergänzt und aktualisiert. Dieses Buch richtet sich an Ingenieure und Studenten, vorwiegend der Fachrichtungen Maschinenbau, Elektrotechnik oder verwandter Richtungen, sowie an Leser nichttechnischer Fachrichtungen, denen an einem schnellen Einblick in die Werkstoffkunde gelegen ist. .
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Semiconductors --- Characterization --- Congresses --- Design and construction
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Lignocellulosic biomass has great potentials as an alternative feedstock for fuels and chemicals. For effective utilization of biomass, biomass recalcitrance, which is inherent resistance of plant cell walls to biological deconstruction, needs to be reduced. Among many factors in biomass, lignin is significantly related to biomass recalcitrance. Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer, is the largest non-carbohydrate component (15-40% dry weight) in most terrestrial plants. In nature, it provides a structural integrity, facilitates water and nutrient transport, and protects plants from microbial attack. From a different angle, lignin significantly contributes to biomass recalcitrance, so it is necessary to reduce and/or modify the lignin for effective conversion of biomass. Genetic modifications of the lignin biosynthetic pathway and lignin-targeting pretreatments have been developed to minimize the lignin-induced biomass recalcitrance. High carbon content of lignin also renders it an attractive feedstock for many applications. About 100,000 to 200,000 tons of lignin can be generated per year as a byproduct from cellulosic ethanol production, so valorization of these lignins could be one of keys for achieving economic biorefinery. However, investigations of lignin conversion have not been accomplished as the utilization of carbohydrates in biomass. Depolymerization of lignin is still challenging because of its broad distribution of bond strengths, recondensation of low-molecular species, and poor product selectivity. Diverse biological and thermochemical depolymerization methods have been investigated to overcome these barriers. In this Research Topic, recent advancements in biomass recalcitrance by effective utilization of lignin are introduced.
materials --- Biofuels --- characterization --- biorefining --- Bio-derived Chemicals
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