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This book will describe the nuclear encoded genes and their expressed proteins of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Most of these genes occur in eukaryotic cells, but not in bacteria or archaea. The main function of mitochondria, the synthesis of ATP, is performed at subunits of proton pumps (complexes I, III, IV and V), which are encoded on mitochondrial DNA. The nuclear encoded subunits have mostly a regulatory function. However, the specific physiological functions of the nuclear encoded subunits of complexes I, III, IV, and V are mostly unknown. New data indicates that they are essential for life of higher organisms, which is characterized by an adult life without cell division (postmeiotic stage) in most tissues, after the juvenile growth. For complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) some of these subunits occur in tissue-specific (subunits IV, VIa, VIb, VIIa, VIII), developmental-specific (subunits IV, VIa, and VIIa) as well as species-specific isoforms. Defective genes of some subunits were shown to induce mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial genes and human diseases will also be covered.

DNA, Mitochrondrial. --- Eukaryotic cells. --- Mitochondrial DNA. --- Mitochondrial DNA --- Mitochondrial pathology --- Eukaryotic cells --- Cytochrome c Group --- Subcellular Fractions --- Multienzyme Complexes --- Phosphorylation --- Metabolic Phenomena --- Energy Metabolism --- Organelles --- Phenomena and Processes --- Cytoplasmic Structures --- Biochemical Processes --- Cytochromes --- Cellular Structures --- Enzymes --- Chemical Processes --- Hemeproteins --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Cytoplasm --- Cells --- Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Intracellular Space --- Chemical Phenomena --- Anatomy --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Oxidative Phosphorylation --- Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins --- Metabolism --- Mitochondria --- Cytochromes c --- Biology --- Medicine --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pathology --- Animal Biochemistry --- Genetics --- Mitochondria. --- Mitochondrial pathology. --- Phosphorylation. --- Mitochondrial disorders --- Chondriosomes --- Diseases --- Medicine. --- Human genetics. --- Gene expression. --- Cell biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Human Genetics. --- Gene Expression. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cytologists --- Genes --- Genetic regulation --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Physicians --- Expression --- Chemical reactions --- Pathology, Cellular --- Cell organelles --- Protoplasm --- Disorders --- Cytology.

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Since Poincaré's time, topologists have been most concerned with three species of manifold. The most primitive of these--the TOP manifolds--remained rather mysterious until 1968, when Kirby discovered his now famous torus unfurling device. A period of rapid progress with TOP manifolds ensued, including, in 1969, Siebenmann's refutation of the Hauptvermutung and the Triangulation Conjecture. Here is the first connected account of Kirby's and Siebenmann's basic research in this area.The five sections of this book are introduced by three articles by the authors that initially appeared between 1968 and 1970. Appendices provide a full discussion of the classification of homotopy tori, including Casson's unpublished work and a consideration of periodicity in topological surgery.

Differential geometry. Global analysis --- Manifolds (Mathematics) --- Piecewise linear topology --- Triangulating manifolds --- Variétés (Mathématiques) --- Topologie linéaire par morceaux --- 515.16 --- Manifolds, Triangulating --- PL topology --- Topology --- Geometry, Differential --- Topology of manifolds --- Piecewise linear topology. --- Triangulating manifolds. --- Manifolds (Mathematics). --- 515.16 Topology of manifolds --- Variétés (Mathématiques) --- Topologie linéaire par morceaux --- Triangulation. --- Triangulation --- Affine space. --- Algebraic topology (object). --- Approximation. --- Associative property. --- Automorphism. --- Big O notation. --- CW complex. --- Calculation. --- Cap product. --- Cartesian product. --- Category of sets. --- Chain complex. --- Classification theorem. --- Classifying space. --- Cobordism. --- Codimension. --- Cofibration. --- Cohomology. --- Connected space. --- Continuous function (set theory). --- Continuous function. --- Counterexample. --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differentiable manifold. --- Differential structure. --- Differential topology. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Direct proof. --- Disjoint union. --- Elementary proof. --- Embedding. --- Euclidean space. --- Existence theorem. --- Existential quantification. --- Fiber bundle. --- Fibration. --- General position. --- Geometry. --- Group homomorphism. --- H-cobordism. --- H-space. --- Handle decomposition. --- Handlebody. --- Hauptvermutung. --- Hausdorff space. --- Hilbert cube. --- Homeomorphism group. --- Homeomorphism. --- Homomorphism. --- Homotopy group. --- Homotopy. --- Inclusion map. --- Injective function. --- Invertible matrix. --- K-cell (mathematics). --- Kan extension. --- Linear subspace. --- Linear topology. --- Manifold. --- Mapping cylinder. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mathematician. --- Metric space. --- Morse theory. --- Neighbourhood (mathematics). --- Open set. --- Partition of unity. --- Piecewise linear manifold. --- Piecewise linear. --- Poincaré conjecture. --- Polyhedron. --- Principal bundle. --- Product metric. --- Pushout (category theory). --- Regular homotopy. --- Retract. --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Simplicial complex. --- Smoothing. --- Spin structure. --- Stability theory. --- Stable manifold. --- Standard map. --- Submanifold. --- Submersion (mathematics). --- Subset. --- Surgery exact sequence. --- Surjective function. --- Theorem. --- Topological group. --- Topological manifold. --- Topological space. --- Topology. --- Transversal (geometry). --- Transversality (mathematics). --- Transversality theorem. --- Union (set theory). --- Uniqueness theorem. --- Vector bundle. --- Zorn's lemma. --- Variétés topologiques

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Long-term exposure to environmental toxicants is estimated to account for 70–90% of the risks of acquiring chronic ailments. Presently, chronic kidney disease and infertility affect a significant proportion of the world population, while research data indicate that exposure to toxic metals may contribute to the looming statistics. Alarming evidence suggests that exposure to the heavy metal cadmium may affect every stage of life, and exposure in early life may determine susceptibility to certain diseases in adulthood. Prevention of these outcomes requires avoidance of further environmental contamination, minimization of exposure, and reduction of toxic metals in food crops to the lowest achievable levels.

Public health & preventive medicine --- Trace elements --- hair --- children --- hazardous waste incinerator --- Constantí (Catalonia, Spain) --- blood lead level --- boatyard --- childhood --- lead poisoning --- fishing community --- lead weights --- β2-microglobulin --- cadmium --- creatinine clearance --- glomerular filtration --- N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase --- nephron mass --- nephrotoxicity --- trace elements --- autopsy tissues --- temporal trends --- creatinine excretion --- glomerular filtration rate --- lead --- kidney --- endocytosis --- metallothionein --- flow cytometry --- proximal tubule epithelial cells --- OGTT --- minimal model --- glucose response mechanism --- genotoxicity --- aluminum chloride --- rats --- food --- farmer --- PTWI (provisional tolerable monthly intake) --- TWI (tolerable weekly intake) --- Monte Carlo simulation --- mercury --- obesogen --- lipid profiles --- hyperlipidemia --- elevated liver enzymes --- hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] --- mitochondrial fragmentation --- dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) --- mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (MRCC I) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- blood lead --- cellular immunity --- phagocytosis --- humoral munity --- immunosuppression --- insulin --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia --- hyperinsulinemia --- lipogenic --- β-cell toxicity --- stroke --- cerebrovascular accident --- heavy metal --- rare earth element --- case-control study --- mortality --- lifetime cadmium intake --- renal diseases --- urinary cadmium --- a follow-up study --- diet --- kidney function --- chronic kidney disease --- threshold limit --- tolerable intake level --- heavy metals --- birth weight --- preterm birth --- diet pattern --- Mediterranean diet --- pregnancy --- toxic metals --- reproduction --- testicular and ovarian structure --- n/a --- Constantí (Catalonia, Spain)

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Long-term exposure to environmental toxicants is estimated to account for 70–90% of the risks of acquiring chronic ailments. Presently, chronic kidney disease and infertility affect a significant proportion of the world population, while research data indicate that exposure to toxic metals may contribute to the looming statistics. Alarming evidence suggests that exposure to the heavy metal cadmium may affect every stage of life, and exposure in early life may determine susceptibility to certain diseases in adulthood. Prevention of these outcomes requires avoidance of further environmental contamination, minimization of exposure, and reduction of toxic metals in food crops to the lowest achievable levels.

Public health & preventive medicine --- Trace elements --- hair --- children --- hazardous waste incinerator --- Constantí (Catalonia, Spain) --- blood lead level --- boatyard --- childhood --- lead poisoning --- fishing community --- lead weights --- β2-microglobulin --- cadmium --- creatinine clearance --- glomerular filtration --- N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase --- nephron mass --- nephrotoxicity --- trace elements --- autopsy tissues --- temporal trends --- creatinine excretion --- glomerular filtration rate --- lead --- kidney --- endocytosis --- metallothionein --- flow cytometry --- proximal tubule epithelial cells --- OGTT --- minimal model --- glucose response mechanism --- genotoxicity --- aluminum chloride --- rats --- food --- farmer --- PTWI (provisional tolerable monthly intake) --- TWI (tolerable weekly intake) --- Monte Carlo simulation --- mercury --- obesogen --- lipid profiles --- hyperlipidemia --- elevated liver enzymes --- hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] --- mitochondrial fragmentation --- dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) --- mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (MRCC I) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- blood lead --- cellular immunity --- phagocytosis --- humoral munity --- immunosuppression --- insulin --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia --- hyperinsulinemia --- lipogenic --- β-cell toxicity --- stroke --- cerebrovascular accident --- heavy metal --- rare earth element --- case-control study --- mortality --- lifetime cadmium intake --- renal diseases --- urinary cadmium --- a follow-up study --- diet --- kidney function --- chronic kidney disease --- threshold limit --- tolerable intake level --- heavy metals --- birth weight --- preterm birth --- diet pattern --- Mediterranean diet --- pregnancy --- toxic metals --- reproduction --- testicular and ovarian structure