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Coeliac Disease (CD) affects at least 1% of the population. "Classical" CD refers to gastrointestinal presentations with anaemia and gastrointestinal symptoms. CD can, however, present with extraintestinal manifestations, the commonest of which are dermatitis herpetiformis and neurological presentations (e.g., ataxia, neuropathy, encephalopathy). Recognition and research into the pathophysiology of such manifestations is likely to enhance our understanding of this complex autoimmune disorder.

Celiac disease.

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During its 2.5 million years of evolution, the human species has evolved through major dramatic changes, mainly dictated by natural elements and, most importantly, by food availability. The diet of hunters and gatherers, hominids, was mainly based on fruit, vegetables, tubers, and occasionally meat and fish. Then, approximately 10,000 years ago, a drastic change in life style occurred, shifting from nomadic to settlers with domestication of animals and crops. A consequence of this change was the advent of wheat and other grains containing gluten-related proteins in human diet. This revolutionary transformation occurred at the Fertile Crescent, the modern-day Iraq, and spread from South to North and East to West at a speed of approximately 1 km/year. Ever since, the distribution of food goods became more and more uneven with wealthy countries getting more than necessary, while poor countries struggle with malnutrition and consequently this increased mortality. Unfortunately, the industrial revolution, rather than closing the gap, created even more inequalities that still exist today, leading to very different but equally worrisome pathologies, namely obesity in industrialized countries and famine in developing countries.

Celiac disease.

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Celiac disease

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Annotation Over the last decade, various nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted tremendous attention with the incredible development in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Some NMs are explored increasingly for biomedical applications, including drug delivery carriers, imaging probes, antimicrobial agents, biosensors, and tissue engineering scaffolds. However, the in vitro and in vivo toxicities of NMs related to oxidative stress are the main obstacles to use them in biomedical fields. One of the most promising strategies to address these obstacles is functionalizing NMs with biocompatible molecules or materials. In this Special Issue, we are especially interested in manuscripts that advance the understanding of the interaction of NMs with cells, such as cellular responses to NMs, intracellular behaviors of NMs, therapeutic and imaging potentials of NMs, as well as the functionalization of NMs through coating, patterning and hybridization with other biomolecules for multifaceted biomedical applications.

Celiac disease.

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Celiac disease