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What is the impact of terrorism on trade through higher security at the borders? The authors set up a theory which shows that the impact goes not only from terrorism to trade. Higher trade with a partner might, in turn, increase the probability of terrorism acts and make security measures more costly for total welfare. To identify the true impact of terrorism, their theory allows for a strategy to condition out the latter mechanism. The authors show in particular how past incidents perpetrated in third countries (anywhere in the world except the origin or targeted country) constitute good exogenous factors for current security measures at the borders. Their tests suggest that terrorist incidents have a small effect on U.S. imports on average, but a much higher effect for those origin countries at the top of the distribution of incidents. In addition, the level of the impact is up to three times higher when the acts result in a relatively high number of victims, the products are sensitive to shipping time, and the size of the partner is small. The authors further show how terrorism affects the number of business visas given by the United States, thereby affecting significantly U.S. imports in differentiated products. These results suggest that security to prevent terrorism does matter for trade.

Attack --- Attacks --- Car Bomb --- Conflict and Development --- Counter-Terrorism --- Counter-Terrorism Measures --- Country Strategy and Performance --- Debt Markets --- E-Business --- E-Finance and E-Security --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Hazard Risk Management --- Homeland Security --- Industry --- Information --- International Terrorism and Counterterrorism --- International Trade --- Logistical Support --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Security --- Technology Industry --- Terrorism --- Terrorism Acts --- Terrorism Thre Terrorist --- Terrorist Activities --- Terrorist Attack --- Terrorist Incidents --- Terrorist Organizations --- Transport --- Transport Security --- Travel --- Urban Development --- World Trade

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With Hezbollah's entry into the Lebanese government in 2009 and forceful intervention in the Syrian civil war, the potent Shi'i political and military organization continues to play an enormous role in the Middle East. A hybrid of militia, political party, and social services and public works provider, the group is the most powerful player in Lebanon. Policymakers in the United States and Israel usually denounce Hezbollah as a dangerous terrorist organization and refuse to engage with it, yet even its adversaries need to contend with its durability and resilient popular support. Augustus Richard Norton's incisive account stands as the most lucid, informed, and balanced analysis of Hezbollah yet written--and this fully revised and updated edition features a new prologue and conclusion, as well as two new chapters largely devoted to the group's recent activities, including its involvement in Syria. Hezbollah is a work of perennial importance and remains essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the Middle East.

Geopolitics --- Islam and politics --- Shiites --- Politics and government. --- Hizballah (Lebanon) --- Lebanon --- Politics and government --- 2003 invasion of Iraq. --- 2006 Lebanon War. --- Abbas al-Musawi. --- Activism. --- Al-Jazeera (Jordan). --- Al-Manar. --- Al-Qaeda. --- Ali Khamenei. --- Ali Shariati. --- Ali al-Sistani. --- Amal Movement. --- Arab Spring. --- Assassination. --- Baalbek. --- Bahrain. --- Bashar al-Assad. --- Beirut. --- Beqaa Valley. --- Caliphate. --- Car bomb. --- Druze. --- Electoral district. --- Fatah. --- Fatwa. --- Fouad Siniora. --- Free Syrian Army. --- Hafez al-Assad. --- Hamas. --- Hassan Nasrallah. --- Hegemony. --- Hosni Mubarak. --- Houthis. --- Husayn ibn Ali. --- Ideology. --- Imad Mughniyah. --- Iranian Revolution. --- Islam. --- Islamic republic. --- Islamism. --- Israel Defense Forces. --- Israel. --- Israeli-occupied territories. --- Israelis. --- Jews. --- Jihad al-Bina. --- Jihadism. --- Journal of Palestine Studies. --- Journal of Peace Research. --- Karbala. --- Kurds. --- Kuwait. --- Lebanese Armed Forces. --- Lebanese Civil War. --- Lebanese National Movement. --- Michel Aoun. --- Michel Suleiman. --- Militant (Trotskyist group). --- Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah. --- Muhammad. --- Muharram. --- Muqtada al-Sadr. --- Musa al-Sadr. --- Nabih Berri. --- Palestinian refugees. --- Palestinians. --- Political party. --- Politician. --- Politics of Lebanon. --- Politics. --- Qana. --- Rafic Hariri. --- Refugee camp. --- Refugee. --- Remittance. --- Rojava. --- Ruhollah Khomeini. --- Saad Hariri. --- Saddam Hussein. --- Saudi Arabia. --- Saudis. --- Sayyid. --- Secularism. --- Shams al-Din. --- Southern Lebanon. --- Subhi al-Tufayli. --- Subsidy. --- Suburb. --- Suleiman. --- Sunni Islam. --- Syrian Armed Forces. --- Syrian Democratic Forces. --- Syrian Social Nationalist Party. --- Syrian civil war. --- Syrians. --- Terrorism. --- United Arab Emirates. --- United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. --- War of the Camps. --- War. --- Warfare.