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Book
Productivity Growth, Capital Accumulation, and the Banking Sector : Some Lessons from Malaysia
Authors: ---
Year: 1999 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,

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Abstract

How did the East Asian miracle turn into one of the worst financial crises of the century? A case study of Malaysia provides some answers; How did the East Asian miracle turn into one of the worst financial crises of the century? Ghani and Suri address the question using Malaysia as a case study. Many discussions of the East Asian crisis address proximate and short-run causes of the crisis, such as the current account deficit, exchange rate misalignment, and disproportionate short-run external debt relative to foreign exchange reserves. These indicators of vulnerability are themselves endogenous outcomes of deeper institutional features. Ghani and Suri argue that some long-term features of the development strategy that helped sustain high growth in the first place also contributed to the economy's increasing vulnerability. High output growth was driven by rapid growth in capital stock, for example. The banking sector played a critical role in transforming (and accelerating the transformation of) large savings into capital accumulation. But the banking sector may not have been allocating capital efficiently. Ghani and Suri find that the rapid growth in bank lending in Malaysia is negatively associated with total factor productivity growth. On the other hand, the economy's other structural strengths, such as openness to foreign direct investment and technology, helped improve productivity growth. Malaysia's exceptional growth record over the past quarter century was driven largely by the growth in physical capital stock. Total factor productivity growth may have slowed in the late 1990s, and sustaining high output growth will require greater emphasis on productivity improvements. Policies that encouraged the flow of foreign direct investment and better access to imported capital goods contributed to productivity growth. But rapid growth in bank lending relative to GDP may have slowed it. How policymakers can best slow the growth of credit is a question that remains unanswered. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to better understand past and future sources of growth. The authors may be contacted at eghani@worldbank.org or vsuri@worldbank.org.


Book
The economy of promises : trust, power, and credit in America
Author:
ISBN: 0691236216 Year: 2022 Publisher: Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press,

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"Bruce Carruthers organizes his analysis around different types of credit, offering a roughly chronological discussion of each. The U.S. has always had an economy based on promises, but the manner in which questions about trust and trustworthiness have been posed and answered has evolved in important ways. Their evolution and expansion undergirded the rise of the modern credit economy, but it wasn't a smooth ride forward. Financial crises signalled the widespread collapse of promises, and a collective disbelief in their credibility. Frequently, these collapses motivated public and private attempts to build new institutional scaffolding in support of promises: the 1837 crisis prompted the development of credit ratings; the depression of the 1890s justified passage of a permanent bankruptcy law; the 1907 crisis led to the establishment of the Federal Reserve System; and the Great Depression led to a multitude of public policies in support of financial promises. At various points, political groups perceived the financial system to be deeply unfair, one that privileged some over others. During the 1880s and 1890s, agrarian groups and populists attacked a monetary and banking system that failed to give them adequate credit. During the 1960s and 1970s, women and minorities criticized a discriminatory financial system that denied them full access to consumer and mortgage credit. In The Economy of Promises, Carruthers describes the changes that have occurred, spell out their implications, and explain their significance"--

Keywords

Credit --- Trust --- History. --- Economic aspects. --- Asset. --- Bank charge. --- Bank. --- Bond (finance). --- Business model. --- Capital adequacy ratio. --- Capital employed. --- Capital expenditure. --- Capital intensity. --- Cash crop. --- Cash flow. --- Commerce Clause. --- Commercial Credit. --- Commodity market. --- Commodity. --- Competition (economics). --- Consumerism. --- Credit (finance). --- Credit Insurance. --- Credit risk. --- Creditor. --- Crony capitalism. --- Currency. --- Current Price. --- Debt limit. --- Debt. --- Debtor. --- Diversification (finance). --- Economic Life. --- Economic development. --- Economic forecasting. --- Economic indicator. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economic policy. --- Economic sector. --- Economics. --- Economy of the United States. --- Economy. --- Employment. --- Exchange rate. --- Fee Income. --- Financial capital. --- Financial inclusion. --- Financial institution. --- Financial instrument. --- Financial intermediary. --- Financial services. --- Financial statement. --- Financial technology. --- Financier. --- Floating interest rate. --- Gross (economics). --- Gross Earnings. --- Gross domestic product. --- Guaranteed Loan. --- Income. --- Inflation. --- Insider Lending. --- Interest rate. --- Investment fund. --- Investment strategy. --- Investor. --- Margin (finance). --- Mark-to-market accounting. --- Market liquidity. --- Market price. --- Market rate. --- Market value. --- Mass production. --- Measures of national income and output. --- Monetarism. --- Money market account. --- Money market. --- Mortgage loan. --- Net capital rule. --- Net income. --- Payment. --- Policy. --- Price index. --- Pricing. --- Prime rate. --- Public finance. --- Purchase Price. --- Purchasing power. --- Rate of profit. --- Rate of return. --- Real interest rate. --- Relative value (economics). --- Repayment. --- Revenue bond. --- Securitization. --- Shareholder. --- Subsidy. --- Supply-side economics. --- Tax bracket. --- Tax reform. --- Trade credit. --- Value (economics). --- Working capital. --- World economy.

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