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At the molecular level, the activation of growth factor receptors (GFRs) induces a mitogenic response and maintains cancer cell growth. The majority of malignant diseases are related to aberrant intra- and intercellular communication, associated with the GFR-mediated pathways. Moreover, the evasion of apoptotic signals and the requirement of angiogenesis were also found to be of fundamental importance for tumor progression and metastasis. In this context, a high expression of GFRs aids blood vessel formation, cell migration, and the inhibition of apoptosis. GFR-directed therapy that would theoretically selectively kill malignant cells and reduce the toxicity associated with nonselective conventional chemotherapy may be a promising treatment for cancer. Many intracellular proteins involved in GFR signal transduction can also function as oncogenes. Mutations affecting key proteins in the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways are known to be crucial in maintaining the malignancy of different types of cancers. This information has guided the development of compounds designed to target one or more of these pathways in cancer cells. Even though there have been important advances in our understanding of GFRs and their signaling, certain essential information is still lacking, and these membrane receptors are still being laboriously studied by several research groups, to find therapeutic solutions to unmet medical needs.

Cancer cells --- Growth. --- Cancer cell growth

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

cancer resistance --- tumor—targeting --- tumor microenvironment --- immunotherapy --- therapy resistance --- cancer cell signaling --- targeted therapy

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Pharmacology --- cancer resistance --- tumor—targeting --- tumor microenvironment --- immunotherapy --- therapy resistance --- cancer cell signaling --- targeted therapy

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This book, part contributed volume, part proceedings, discusses state-of-the-art advances on human cell transformation in cell models for the study of cancer and aging. Several of the chapters are from the Human Cell Transformation: Advances in Cell Models for the Study of Cancer and Aging conference that was held in June 2018 at McGill University. The authors represent international expertise on a wide variety of topics ranging from different types of cancer (prostate, bone, breast, etc.) to tumor microenvironment, tumor progression, homogeneity, and possible therapies and treatments.

Cell biology. --- Cancer research. --- Oncology  . --- Cell Biology. --- Cancer Research. --- Oncology. --- Tumors --- Cancer research --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Cancer cells --- Growth. --- Cancer cell growth

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Cancer may constitute the most extensively studied functions constitute a second line of defense that disease entity of our time. Nevertheless, our com- protects against transforming defects in oncogenes prehension of the cellular and molecular pathology or tumor-suppressor genes and are here considered of malignant transformation is incomplete. In view as metasuppressor genes. Advances in the molecular of the diverse clinical presentations of various explanations of growth dysregulation, metastasis malignancies, doubts may be raised as to whether it formation, extension of life span, and loss of ma- is appropriate to refer to cancer as one group of dis- tenance of genomic and epigenetic integrity in ease states. The notion of malignant tumors as a cancer suggest models for their causal connection. pathologic and pathophysiologic class of conditions The mechanisms of growth control, senescence, and begs the question for defining criteria that charac- anchorage dependence are linked on the molecular terize all malignant growths, regardless of their tis- level (Chapter 8). In cells that are not fully differ- sue of origin. Toward this goal, the recognition that tiated, the overactivation of oncogene pathways tumor development is caused by the dysregulation also induces the expression of metastasis genes. of growth-controlling genes (oncogenes and tumor- Telomerase, the enzyme that prevents cell sen- suppressor genes) has advanced our mechanistic cence, is expressed in these precursor cells and may understanding of oncology (Chapter 3). However, be further activated by growth factor signaling.

Cancer --- Cancer cells --- Oncogenes. --- Molecular biology. --- Molecular aspects. --- Growth. --- Etiology. --- Genetic aspects. --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Cancer genetics --- Cancer genes --- Onc genes --- Proto-oncogenes --- Cancer cell growth --- Oncology. --- Medicine. --- Cytology. --- Oncology  . --- Cancer Research. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Cell Biology. --- Tumors --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Cancer research. --- Cell biology. --- Cancer research