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Forest ecosystems are often disturbed by agents such as harvesting, fire, wind, insects and diseases, and acid deposition, with differing intensities and frequencies. Such disturbances can markedly affect the amount, form, and stability of soil organic carbon in, and the emission of greenhouse gases, including CO2, CH4, and N2O from, forest ecosystems. It is vitally important that we improve our understanding of the impact of different disturbance regimes on forest soil carbon dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions to guide our future research, forest management practices, and policy development. This Special Issue provides an important update on the disturbance effects on soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in forest ecosystems in different climate regions.

greenhouse gas emission --- heterotrophic respiration --- Camellia oleifera --- Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr --- soil microbial residue --- assisted natural regeneration --- soil organic carbon --- soil carbon sequestration --- soil CO2 --- surface soil layer --- landform --- anthropogenic effect --- South Korea --- CO2 effluxes --- storm damage --- microbial properties --- calcareous soil --- land use pattern --- soil total nitrogen --- generation --- tree mortality --- land use types --- forest conversion --- DCD --- carbon source–sink --- stoichiometric ratios --- autotrophic respiration --- N2O --- CO2 emission --- organic carbon mineralization --- CH4 emissions --- clear-cutting --- CO2 production and diffusion --- soil quality --- nitrification inhibitor --- organic carbon accumulation --- climate change mitigation --- global change --- greenhouse gas inventory --- warming --- soil properties --- bacterial community --- sensitivity --- soil characteristics --- forest --- insect outbreak --- biochar --- nitrous oxide --- CO2 --- soil respiration --- land-use change --- decomposition --- soil --- natural forest --- calcareous soils --- greenhouse gas --- forest soils --- karst graben basin --- plantation --- rocky desertification --- fitting parameters --- temperature --- forest disturbance --- microbe --- subtropical forest --- N addition --- carbon stock changes --- IPCC --- next-generation sequencing --- nitrogen --- N2O emissions --- red soils --- CH4 --- coastal wetlands --- CO2 emissions --- stand age --- successive planting --- plum plantation ages

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Forest tree improvement has mainly been implemented to enhance the productivity of artificial forests. However, given the drastically changing global environment, improvement of various traits related to environmental adaptability is more essential than ever. This book focuses on genetic information, including trait heritability and the physiological mechanisms thereof, which facilitate tree improvement. Nineteen papers are included, reporting genetic approaches to improving various species, including conifers, broad-leaf trees, and bamboo. All of the papers in this book provide cutting-edge genetic information on tree genetics and suggest research directions for future tree improvement.

Research & information: general --- early selection --- stomatal characteristics --- water stress --- water relations --- specific leaf area --- Eucalyptus clones --- LTR-retrotransposon --- Ty3-gypsy --- Ty1-copia --- IRAP --- molecular markers --- bamboo --- Phyllostachys --- genetic diversity --- populations structure --- AMOVA --- central-marginal hypothesis --- cline --- Pinaceae --- trailing edge population --- Sakhalin fir --- sub-boreal forest --- gibberellin --- male strobilus induction --- transcriptome --- conifer --- Cryptomeria japonica --- linkage map --- male sterility --- marker-assisted selection --- C. fortunei --- differentially expressed genes --- phenylpropanoid metabolism --- candidate genes --- Camellia oleifera --- leaf senescence --- transcriptome analysis --- senescence-associated genes --- physiological characterization --- cpDNA --- next generation sequencing --- northern limit --- nucleotide diversity --- phylogeny --- In/Del --- SNP --- SSR --- Chinese fir --- heartwood --- secondary metabolites --- widely targeted metabolomics --- flavonoids --- amplicon sequencing --- AmpliSeq --- genomic selection --- Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) --- multiplexed SNP genotyping --- spatial autocorrelation error --- pine wood disease --- resistance to pine wood nematode --- inoculation test --- multisite --- cumulative temperature --- Pinus thunbergii --- Thujopsis dolabrata --- EST-SSR markers --- varieties --- population structure --- pine wilt disease --- Bursaphelenchus xylophilus --- genotype by environment interaction --- Japanese black pine --- variance component --- local adaptation --- silviculture --- seed zone --- tree improvement program --- breeding --- genotype × environment interaction --- mast seeding --- seed production --- thinning --- forest tree breeding --- high-throughput phenotyping --- epigenetics --- genotyping --- genomic prediction models --- quantitative trait locus --- breeding cycle --- Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis --- demographic history --- RAD-seq --- ancient tree --- conservation --- infrared thermography --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- cumulative drought stress --- genetic conservation --- genetic management --- pine wood nematode --- pine wood nematode-Pinus thunbergii resistant trees