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Cabotage --- Maritime law
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Cabotage --- Kustvaart --- Navigation de plaisance --- Pleziervaart --- 656.6.091.1 (022)
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Cabotage. --- Aeronautics, Commercial --- Navigation côtière --- Transports aériens --- Law and legislation. --- Droit.
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Foreign trade policy --- Sea transport. Seaports --- Foreign trade. International trade --- Shipping law --- Cabotage. --- Maritime law. --- Merchant marine --- Shipping --- Government policy.
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Le dumping social est la conséquence de pratiques utilisées par des employeurs pour réduire leurs coûts. Bien que le dumping social soit apparu avec la mondialisation, il est aussi et surtout un symptôme de la construction européenne (II.). Le secteur du transport routier est presque entièrement libéralisé en Europe. Or, un marché intérieur libéralisé sans attention aux droits sociaux mène à de la concurrence déloyale. En élargissant ses frontières à des pays avec des standards sociaux inférieurs, l’Union a rassemblé les ingrédients nécessaires aux pratiques de dumping social. A côté du droit primaire, différents instruments de droit dérivé tels que la directive 96/71/CE sur le détachement de travailleurs, le règlement 883/2004 sur la coordination des systèmes de sécurité sociale ou encore le « paquet routier » du 21 octobre 2009 établissant des règles communes dans le secteur du transport routier, sont perçus comme des facteurs aggravant la problématique (III.). L’analyse de ces actes législatifs permet de comprendre les pratiques, souvent complexes, utilisées par les entreprises du secteur qui tiennent à se voir appliquer des pans de législations favorables. Le recours à des sociétés « boîte aux lettres » est fréquent, les abus et les fraudes également. Pour les contrer, une plus grande collaboration entre les Etats membres ainsi que l’utilisation de moyens technologiques sont nécessaires (IV.). Le travail met en lumière les efforts de l’Union pour combattre le dumping social. Cependant, les intérêts ainsi que les standards sociaux des Etats membres semblent trop divergents pour solutionner le problème. La problématique du dumping social constitue, malheureusement, un parfait exemple d’une Union européenne divisée. Pour régler ça, une adaptation de la construction européenne semble nécessaire.
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In Central America, like many other developing regions, high transport costs are cited as an impediment to trade and economic growth. Prices for road freight transport-a key mode of transport comprising a significant share of total transport costs for intra- and extra-regional trade, are particularly high. Averaging 17 cents per ton-kilometer on main trading routes, these rates stand out even relative to other inefficient developing country markets (e.g., central and west Africa). However, the policy and other factors associated with increased prices have not been well understood. This paper uses data from a survey of trucking companies operating on the region's main trade corridors to analyze the determinants of firms' costs of providing service, as well as the effect of market structure and competition on prices. The analysis finds that whereas improved cost efficiencies could reduce prices by 3 cents per ton-kilometer, increased competition on national routes-those entirely within a nation's borders-would reduce prices by significantly more. Although there are many trucking companies, including small and somewhat informal operators, the degree of competition varies by route because of domestic restraints on competition and the prohibition on international competition on national routes. The paper shows empirically that imperfect competition accounts for at least 35 percent of mean prices on national routes. In addition, a lack of competition is likely to explain the persistence of an inefficient market structure, as well as a lack of innovation to reduce costs and enhance the quality of service.
Airports & Air Services --- Cabotage --- Economic Theory & Research --- Imperfect Competition --- International Trade --- Markets & Market Access --- Oligopoly Pricing --- Road Freight --- Roads & Highways --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy and Planning --- Transportation Services --- Central America
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"Across the Corrupting Sea : Post-Braudelian Approaches to the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean reframes current discussions of the Mediterranean world by rereading the past with new methodological approaches. The work asks readers to consider how future studies might write histories of the Mediterranean, moving from the larger pan-Mediterranean approaches of The Corrupting Sea towards locally-oriented case studies. Spanning from the Archaic period to the early Middle Ages, contributors engage the pioneering studies of the Mediterranean by Fernand Braudel through the use of critical theory, GIS network analysis, and postcolonial cultural inquiries. Scholars from several time periods and disciplines rethink the Mediterranean as a geographic and cultural space shaped by human connectivity and follow the flow of ideas, ships, trade goods and pilgrims along the roads and seascapes that connected the Mediterranean across time and space. The volume thus interrogates key concepts like cabotage, seascapes, deep time, social networks, and connectivity in the light of contemporary archaeological and theoretical advances in order to create new ways of writing more diverse histories of the ancient world that bring together local contexts, literary materials, and archaeological analysis"--Provided by publisher.
Social networks --- Cabotage --- Seas --- Space and time --- Social archaeology. --- Réseaux sociaux --- Mers --- Espace et temps --- Archéologie sociale --- History --- Social aspects --- Histoire --- Aspect social --- Braudel, Fernand --- Philosophy. --- Mediterranean Region --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- Relations --- Antiquities. --- Antiquités --- Historiography. --- Historiography --- Réseaux sociaux --- Archéologie sociale --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- Antiquités
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