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Chronic stress. --- Corticotropin releasing hormone. --- Corticotropin-releasing hormone. --- Hormone. --- Mice. --- Physiological. --- Transgenic mice. --- Transgenic.

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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone --- Myometrium --- Oxytocin --- Uterine Contraction --- Labor, Obstetric --- Placenta --- pharmacology --- drug effects --- physiology

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Pituitary hormone releasing factors --- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone --- MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone --- Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones --- Somatostatin --- Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

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Glandular physiology --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis --- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone --- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone --- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System --- Pituitary-Adrenal System --- HYPOTALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM --- PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM --- Congresses. --- secretion --- congresses. --- physiology --- Secretion --- Physiology --- Adrenocorticotropic hormone --- Corticotropin releasing hormone --- Hypotalamo-hypophyseal system --- Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system --- Pituitary-adrenal system --- Adrenergische mechanismen. (Congres) --- Hypothalamo-neurohypophysaire (Système). (Congrès) --- Adr nergiques (Mécanismes). (Congrès) --- Hypothalamus-hersenaanhangstelsel. (Congres) --- Adr©B♭nergiques (M©♭canismes). (Congr©·s)

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The experience of a single threatening situation may alter the behavior of an animal in a long-lasting way. Long-lasting changes in behavior have been induced in laboratory animals to model and investigate the development and neural substrate of human psychopathologies. Under natural conditions, however, changes in behavior after an aversive experience may be adaptive because behavioral modifications allow animals to adjust to a threat for extended periods of time. In the laboratory setting, properties of the aversive situation and the potential of the animal to respond to the threat may be altered and lead to extensive, prolonged changes, indicating a failure in behavioral regulation. Such long-term changes seem to be mediated by neuronal alterations in components of the fear pathway. To understand psychopathologies, determinants of exaggerated responsivity and the underlying molecular and neural processes have to be analyzed in a comparative way under conditions that produce normal and abnormal fear and anxiety. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Adaptation. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Anxiety-like behavior. --- Anxiety. --- Behavior. --- Brain. --- Cat odor. --- Central-nervous-system. --- Corticotropin-releasing hormone. --- Development. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Experience. --- Exposure. --- Failure. --- Fear. --- Human. --- Laboratory animals. --- Laboratory environment. --- Laboratory-animals. --- Laboratory. --- Long-term changes. --- Long-term. --- Mammalian predators. --- Model. --- Natural. --- Neuronal. --- Nmda receptors. --- One-trial-learning. --- Periods. --- Posttraumatic-stress-disorder. --- Predation. --- Psychopathology. --- Regulation. --- Risk allocation hypothesis. --- Time.