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Society is currently confronted with the continuing environmental problems of global warming and ocean acidification related to increasing CO2 emission from anthropogenic sources. These environmental issues are also connected to the inevitable energy supply shortage due to the eventual depletion of fossil fuel sources. As a solution, the technology of recycling CO2 into useful organic materials continues to attract attention. This methodology can be categorized into two main parts: CO2 fixation and CO2 reduction. For both reactions, molecular catalysts based on transition metal coordination complexes and organometallic compounds have been developed and examined. Molecular catalysts can be characterized and iteratively improved at the molecular level through spectroscopic experiments and the isolation of intermediate species, which is particularly advantageous in comparison to heterogeneous catalysts. The fixation of CO2 into organic compounds to form a carbon-carbon bond by using organometallic catalysts is a direct methodology for CO2 utilization and represents the potential reversible storage of electrochemical energy in chemical bonds. The resultant carboxylic acid-containing compounds formed as the initial products can be subsequently converted into other organic materials, even products with new chiral centers. The reduction of CO2 by two electrons (often with a proton donor as a co-substrate) yields carbon monoxide (CO) and formic acid (HCOOH), which can be further converted to useful chemicals. Reduction reactions involving more than two electrons and two protons can produce formaldehyde (HCHO), methanol (CH3OH), and methane (CH4), which are also desirable as chemicals and fuels. For molecular electrocatalysts, more negative potentials than the equilibrium ones for CO2 reduction are generally required; the difficulty is that the equilibrium potentials for CO2 reduction are generally negative of the equilibrium potential for proton reduction to produce H2, representing a competing thermodynamically favored process. A complementary approach to an electrochemical one is to mediate CO2 reduction with photo-induced electron transfer reactions. Photo- and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction can be used to achieve artificial photosynthesis, or the production of commodity chemicals and fuels with renewable energy inputs originating from solar sources. This Research Topic covers the molecular catalysts based on coordination and organometallic compounds for CO2 fixation/reduction. It includes chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical reactions. It also covers systematic studies of reaction mechanisms and the spectroscopic characterization of catalytic intermediates. Molecular catalysts for CO2 fixation/reduction used as co-catalysts with heterogeneous catalytic systems are also included. Non-precious and abundant transition metal catalysts for CO2 fixation/reduction are important for future industrial applications as core components of the next generation of energy technologies.

Science: general issues --- CO2 reduction --- CO2 fixation --- electrocatalysis --- photocatalysis --- artificial photosynthesis --- CO2 reduction --- CO2 fixation --- electrocatalysis --- photocatalysis --- artificial photosynthesis

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Increasing attention is being paid to the development of effective technologies for the sequestration of CO2 and its storage. Hopefully, this will result in processes that can lead to its valorisation as a chemical, e.g., for the regeneration of fuels, but also for the production of intermediates. These are usually energy demands and rather slow processes, requiring energy input and catalysts. Some examples are the innovative strategies for the hydrogenation, photoconversion, or electroreduction of carbon dioxide. This book collects original research papers, reviews, and commentaries focused on the challenges related to the valorisation and conversion of CO2.

microwaves --- dimethyl carbonate --- n/a --- dynamic reaction conditions --- catalysis --- water sorption --- alkali promoter --- Titania --- high pressure photocatalysis --- diatomite --- photoreduction --- catalyst preparation --- dehydration --- CO2 reduction --- photocatalysis --- CO2 hydrogenation --- carbon dioxide --- mechanochemistry --- CO2 electro-reduction --- surface oxidation-reduction --- operando XAS --- metal-carbon-CNF composites --- carbon nanofibers --- ultrasound --- carbon-based electrodes --- water diffusion --- alkali oxide --- quick-EXAFS --- H2 dropout --- CO2 methanation --- plastic waste

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Energy crises and global warming pose serious challenges to researchers in their attempt to develop a sustainable society for the future. Solar energy conversion is a remarkable, clean, and sustainable way to nullify the effects of fossil fuels. The findings of photocatalytic hydrogen production (PCHP) by Fujishima and Honda propose that “water will be the coal for the future”. Hydrogen is a carbon-free clean fuel with a high specific energy of combustion. Titanium oxide (TiO2), graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) are three pillars of water splitting photocatalysts owing to their superior electronic and optical properties. Tremendous research efforts have been made in recent years to fabricate visible or solar-light, active photocatalysts. The significant features of various oxide, sulfide, and carbon based photocatalysts for cost-effective hydrogen production are presented in this Special Issue. The insights of sacrificial agents on the hydrogen production efficiency of catalysts are also presented in this issue.

photocatalysis --- H2 generation --- water splitting --- solar energy --- hydrogen production --- methanol photo-splitting --- heterojunction --- CuS@CuGaS2 --- electron-hole recombination --- perovskite oxynitride --- band gap --- density-functional theory --- Niobium(V) oxide --- graphitic carbon nitride --- hydrothermal synthesis --- H2 evolution --- heterostructures --- Z-Scheme --- TiO2 --- g-C3N4 --- CdS --- energy --- spherical particle --- disordered surface --- photocatalysts --- MoS2 --- MoSe2 --- photoelectrochemical deposition --- rapid-thermal annealing --- hydrogen evolution --- CO2 reduction --- n/a

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The conversion and storage of renewable energy sources is key to the transition from a fossil-fuel-based economy to a low-carbon society. Many new game-changing materials have already impacted our lives and contributed to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, such as high-efficiency photovoltaic cells, blue light-emitting diodes, and cathodes for Li-ion batteries. However, new breakthroughs in materials science and technology are required to boost the clean energy transition. All success stories in materials science are built upon a tailored control of the interconnected processes that take place at the nanoscale, such as charge excitation, charge transport and recombination, ionic diffusion, intercalation, and the interfacial transfer of matter and charge. Nanostructured materials, thanks to their ultra-small building blocks and the high interface-to-volume ratio, offer a rich toolbox to scientists that aspire to improve the energy conversion efficiency or the power and energy density of a material. Furthermore, new phenomena arise in nanoparticles, such as surface plasmon resonance, superparamegntism, and exciton confinement. The ten articles published in this Special Issue showcase the different applications of nanomaterials in the field of energy storage and conversion, including electrodes for Li-ion batteries and beyond, photovoltaic materials, pyroelectric energy harvesting, and (photo)catalytic processes.

nanoparticle --- nanoalloy --- catalyst --- CO2 reduction --- hydrocarbon --- synthetic fuel --- iron --- cobalt --- perovskite solar cell --- hole transport layer --- CuCrO2 nanoparticles --- thermal stability --- light stability --- aluminum ion batteries --- reduced graphene oxide --- tin dioxide --- 3D electrode materials --- mechanical properties --- TiO2 --- azo dye --- wastewater treatment --- photocatalysis --- sodium formate --- dry etching --- black silicon --- photovoltaics --- plasmonics --- heterogeneous catalysis --- nanoparticles --- single molecule localization --- super-resolution microscopy --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- Li-ion batteries --- anodes --- intermetallics --- silicon --- composites --- nanomaterials --- coating --- mechanochemistry --- zinc sulfide --- wurtzite --- co-precipitation synthesis --- solvent recycling --- green synthesis --- scaling up --- pilot plant --- chalcopyrite compounds --- nanocrystals --- hydrothermal --- spin coating --- EIS --- conductivity --- lithium-ion batteries --- SnO2 --- nanoarray --- anode --- high-rate --- n/a

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Energy and the environment are irrevocably interrelated, and they are critical factors that influence the development of societies. The pollution of the environment without considering various consequences has become one of the most important global issues today. This environmental pollution is mainly the result of increases in economic activities, population, transportation, electricity generation, agriculture, forestry, and land use. The exigency of energy for these activities, the rapidly rising price of petroleum oil, the harmful effect of greenhouse gases, and the quest for energy security have steered our attention towards sustainable sources of energy. It is fundamental to find innovative solutions that are sustainable from the perspective of energy management and environmental protection. This book includes three review articles which review the state-of-the-art of different sustainable energy resources. These articles include ammonia as a renewable energy carrier, integration of solar photovoltaic, and bio-oil from waste tires for automotive engine application. In addition, eight research studies reveal new knowledge about energy for a sustainable future. The topics covered span many diverse areas associated with sustainable energy, including various biofuels, photovoltaic, and other aspects of sustainability. These complementary contributions provide a substantial body of knowledge in the field of Renewable and Sustainable Energy.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- heterogeneous catalyst --- hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) --- zinc --- phenol --- bio-oil --- technical --- economic --- institutional --- policy --- pumped hydro storage --- geothermal heat exchangers --- combined arrangement --- operation analysis --- solar home systems --- rural households --- energy transitions --- energy access --- bio-jet fuel --- microwave-assisted transesterification --- RSM --- ANN --- optimization --- coconut oil --- scenario analysis --- scenario generation --- weather influence --- coal decommissioning --- high PV penetration --- energy balance --- CO2 reduction --- urban air quality --- PM2.5 --- PM10 --- particle emission sources --- focus group discussion --- sustainability --- renewable energy development --- Indonesia --- geothermal --- maintenance strategy --- sustainable maintenance --- ABCD procedure --- strategic sustainable development --- transformer failures --- ammonia --- renewable energy storage --- hydrogen storage --- waste tyre --- waste management --- pyrolysis --- automobile engine --- heterogeneous catalyst --- hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) --- zinc --- phenol --- bio-oil --- technical --- economic --- institutional --- policy --- pumped hydro storage --- geothermal heat exchangers --- combined arrangement --- operation analysis --- solar home systems --- rural households --- energy transitions --- energy access --- bio-jet fuel --- microwave-assisted transesterification --- RSM --- ANN --- optimization --- coconut oil --- scenario analysis --- scenario generation --- weather influence --- coal decommissioning --- high PV penetration --- energy balance --- CO2 reduction --- urban air quality --- PM2.5 --- PM10 --- particle emission sources --- focus group discussion --- sustainability --- renewable energy development --- Indonesia --- geothermal --- maintenance strategy --- sustainable maintenance --- ABCD procedure --- strategic sustainable development --- transformer failures --- ammonia --- renewable energy storage --- hydrogen storage --- waste tyre --- waste management --- pyrolysis --- automobile engine