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The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatic disease and certain cancers, continues to rise worldwide. Paradoxically, despite an increasingly obesogenic environment, particularly in Western societies, undernutrition is also extremely common. The application of novel, sophisticated techniques, particularly related to imaging and molecular biology, has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms controlling appetite and energy intake. This has led to a redefinition of many concepts, including the relative importance of central versus peripheral mechanisms, recognising that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly gut hormones, plays a critical role. Given the major advance in knowledge in the field, this Special Issue provides a comprehensive overview of the GI mechanisms underlying the regulation of appetite and energy intake, as a series of definitive reviews by international authorities. The reviews address gut-related mechanisms, including nutrient sensing, gut hormones and GI motility, gut-brain communication, including the roles of the vagus and the modulation of reward perception, the roles of diet and the microbiota, as well as the abnormalities associated with eating disorders, specifically obesity and anorexia of ageing, and the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. The reviews cover both preclinical research and studies in humans, and are complemented by a number of important original papers.

Medicine --- lixisenatide --- intragastric meal retention --- energy intake --- type 2 diabetes --- obesity --- amino acid --- isoleucine --- chronic supplementation --- energy expenditure --- oral glucose tolerance test --- glycaemic control --- gastric emptying breath test --- endocannabinoid --- cannabinoid CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- intestine --- western diet --- preference --- whey protein --- gastric emptying --- appetite --- lifecourse --- gut hormones --- hunger --- protein --- TAS2R5 --- TAS2R39 --- TAS2R14 --- agonist --- food intake --- GLP1 --- CCK --- PYY --- miniature pig --- pig model --- functional brain imaging --- molecular imaging --- vagal afferents --- single fiber recording --- insulin resistance --- GLP-1r --- gastric barostat --- scintigraphy --- meal ingestion --- postprandial responses --- hedonic sensations --- homeostatic sensations --- abdominal wall activity --- abdominal distension --- taste --- fat --- carbohydrate --- bariatric surgery --- GLP-1 --- ghrelin --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- gastric band --- sleeve gastrectomy --- circadian --- gastrointestinal tract --- enteroendocrine cells --- chemosensory --- GIP --- nutrients --- hormones --- food ingestion --- digestion --- satiety --- digestive well-being --- functional gastrointestinal disorders --- postprandial symptoms --- brainstem --- vagus --- feeding --- gastrointestinal --- cue reactivity --- meal anticipation --- motivation --- nutrient preference --- flavor --- aversion --- bile acids --- TGR-5 --- FXR --- gastrointestinal hormones --- body weight --- gastric accommodation --- satiation --- CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- reward --- aging --- whey --- anorexia --- supplements --- sarcopenia --- nutrient sensing --- enteroendocrine cells (EECs) --- appetite regulation --- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) --- bitter substances --- gastric motor function --- postprandial blood glucose --- preclinical studies --- human studies --- texture --- oro-sensory exposure --- sensory science --- cephalic responses --- brain areas --- brain stem --- weight management --- intestinal brake --- duodenal jejunal and ileal brake --- tastants --- circadian clock --- gastric bypass surgery --- microbiome --- hypothalamus --- lixisenatide --- intragastric meal retention --- energy intake --- type 2 diabetes --- obesity --- amino acid --- isoleucine --- chronic supplementation --- energy expenditure --- oral glucose tolerance test --- glycaemic control --- gastric emptying breath test --- endocannabinoid --- cannabinoid CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- intestine --- western diet --- preference --- whey protein --- gastric emptying --- appetite --- lifecourse --- gut hormones --- hunger --- protein --- TAS2R5 --- TAS2R39 --- TAS2R14 --- agonist --- food intake --- GLP1 --- CCK --- PYY --- miniature pig --- pig model --- functional brain imaging --- molecular imaging --- vagal afferents --- single fiber recording --- insulin resistance --- GLP-1r --- gastric barostat --- scintigraphy --- meal ingestion --- postprandial responses --- hedonic sensations --- homeostatic sensations --- abdominal wall activity --- abdominal distension --- taste --- fat --- carbohydrate --- bariatric surgery --- GLP-1 --- ghrelin --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- gastric band --- sleeve gastrectomy --- circadian --- gastrointestinal tract --- enteroendocrine cells --- chemosensory --- GIP --- nutrients --- hormones --- food ingestion --- digestion --- satiety --- digestive well-being --- functional gastrointestinal disorders --- postprandial symptoms --- brainstem --- vagus --- feeding --- gastrointestinal --- cue reactivity --- meal anticipation --- motivation --- nutrient preference --- flavor --- aversion --- bile acids --- TGR-5 --- FXR --- gastrointestinal hormones --- body weight --- gastric accommodation --- satiation --- CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- reward --- aging --- whey --- anorexia --- supplements --- sarcopenia --- nutrient sensing --- enteroendocrine cells (EECs) --- appetite regulation --- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) --- bitter substances --- gastric motor function --- postprandial blood glucose --- preclinical studies --- human studies --- texture --- oro-sensory exposure --- sensory science --- cephalic responses --- brain areas --- brain stem --- weight management --- intestinal brake --- duodenal jejunal and ileal brake --- tastants --- circadian clock --- gastric bypass surgery --- microbiome --- hypothalamus

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatic disease and certain cancers, continues to rise worldwide. Paradoxically, despite an increasingly obesogenic environment, particularly in Western societies, undernutrition is also extremely common. The application of novel, sophisticated techniques, particularly related to imaging and molecular biology, has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms controlling appetite and energy intake. This has led to a redefinition of many concepts, including the relative importance of central versus peripheral mechanisms, recognising that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly gut hormones, plays a critical role. Given the major advance in knowledge in the field, this Special Issue provides a comprehensive overview of the GI mechanisms underlying the regulation of appetite and energy intake, as a series of definitive reviews by international authorities. The reviews address gut-related mechanisms, including nutrient sensing, gut hormones and GI motility, gut-brain communication, including the roles of the vagus and the modulation of reward perception, the roles of diet and the microbiota, as well as the abnormalities associated with eating disorders, specifically obesity and anorexia of ageing, and the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. The reviews cover both preclinical research and studies in humans, and are complemented by a number of important original papers.

lixisenatide --- intragastric meal retention --- energy intake --- type 2 diabetes --- obesity --- amino acid --- isoleucine --- chronic supplementation --- energy expenditure --- oral glucose tolerance test --- glycaemic control --- gastric emptying breath test --- endocannabinoid --- cannabinoid CB1 receptor --- gut–brain --- intestine --- western diet --- preference --- whey protein --- gastric emptying --- appetite --- lifecourse --- gut hormones --- hunger --- protein --- TAS2R5 --- TAS2R39 --- TAS2R14 --- agonist --- food intake --- GLP1 --- CCK --- PYY --- miniature pig --- pig model --- functional brain imaging --- molecular imaging --- vagal afferents --- single fiber recording --- insulin resistance --- GLP-1r --- gastric barostat --- scintigraphy --- meal ingestion --- postprandial responses --- hedonic sensations --- homeostatic sensations --- abdominal wall activity --- abdominal distension --- taste --- fat --- carbohydrate --- bariatric surgery --- GLP-1 --- ghrelin --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- gastric band --- sleeve gastrectomy --- circadian --- gastrointestinal tract --- enteroendocrine cells --- chemosensory --- GIP --- nutrients --- hormones --- food ingestion --- digestion --- satiety --- digestive well-being --- functional gastrointestinal disorders --- postprandial symptoms --- brainstem --- vagus --- feeding --- gastrointestinal --- cue reactivity --- meal anticipation --- motivation --- nutrient preference --- flavor --- aversion --- bile acids --- TGR-5 --- FXR --- gastrointestinal hormones --- body weight --- gastric accommodation --- satiation --- CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- reward --- aging --- whey --- anorexia --- supplements --- sarcopenia --- nutrient sensing --- enteroendocrine cells (EECs) --- appetite regulation --- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) --- bitter substances --- gastric motor function --- postprandial blood glucose --- preclinical studies --- human studies --- texture --- oro-sensory exposure --- sensory science --- cephalic responses --- brain areas --- brain stem --- weight management --- intestinal brake --- duodenal jejunal and ileal brake --- tastants --- circadian clock --- gastric bypass surgery --- microbiome --- hypothalamus --- n/a

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During the last 60 years the relevance of cannabis (Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica) ingredients, like the psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol, 120+ additional cannabinoids and 440+ non-cannabinoid compounds, for human health and disease has become apparent. Approximately 30 years after the elucidation of THC structure the molecular reasons for the biological activity of these plant extracts were made clearer by the discovery of endocannabinoids, that are endogenous lipids able to bind to the same receptors activated by THC. Besides endocannabinoids, that include several N-acylethanolamines and acylesters, a complex array of receptors, metabolic enzymes, transporters (transmembrane, intracellular and extracellular carriers) were also discovered, and altogether they form a so-called “endocannabinoid system” that has been shown to finely tune the manifold biological activities of these lipid signals. Both plant-derived cannabinoids and endocannabinoids were first discovered by the group led by Prof. Dr. Raphael Mechoulam, who has just celebrated his 90th birthday and clearly stood out as a giant of modern science. The many implications of his seminal work for chemistry, biochemistry, biology, pharmacology and medicine are described in this special issue by the scientists who reached during the last 20 years the highest recognition in the field of (endo)cannabinoid research, receiving the Mechoulam Award for their major contributions. I thank them for having accepted my invitation to be part of this honorary issue of Molecules, and Raphi for continuing to illuminate our field with his always inspiring investigations and new ideas.

cannabinoid --- MRI-1867 --- hybrid ligand --- CB1 receptor antagonist --- iNOS inhibitor --- rimonabant --- intracerebroventricular administration --- alcohol craving --- two-bottle paradigm --- drinking in the dark --- N-acyltransferase --- anandamide --- endocannabinoid --- phospholipase A2 --- cannabichromene --- cannabidiolic acid --- cannabidivarin --- cannabidivarinic acid --- phytocannabinoids --- tetrahydrocannabivarin --- 4′-fluoro-cannabidiol --- cannabinoid tetrad --- elevated plus maze --- catalepsy --- marble bury --- HUF-101 --- equilibrative nucleoside transporter --- CB1 --- biased signaling --- functional selectivity --- G-protein --- β-arrestin --- cannabigerol --- anti-inflammatory --- obesity --- cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) --- microglia --- inflammaging --- memory --- lipofuscin --- aminoalkylindole --- allodynia --- antinociception --- cannabinoid receptor --- CP55940 --- JWH-018 --- K2 --- pravadoline --- spice --- WIN55212-2 --- type 1 cannabinoid receptor CB1 --- cholesterol --- hippocampus --- frontal cortex --- synaptosomes --- rescue model --- anti-CB1 antibody --- cannabinoids --- GPR55 receptors --- VCE-006.1 --- chromenopyrazole --- Parkinson’s disease --- 6-hydroxydopamine --- lipopolysaccharide --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis --- mSOD1 mice --- TDP-43 transgenic mice --- PPARs --- gut microbiome --- intestine --- ghrelin --- LEAP2 --- n/a --- 4'-fluoro-cannabidiol --- Parkinson's disease