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This is the first book specifically devoted to butyrate and its biological functions in the health of humans and animals. It is the result of the collective efforts of a group of international experts working on different aspects of butyrate. It has been recognized for a long time that the consumption of dietary fibers has positive metabolic health effects. These effects are directly associated with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate, formed by the microbial degradation of dietary fibers in the digestive tract. Butyrate-induced biological effects provide examples of epigeno

Butyric acid. --- Saturated fatty acids

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Fractionation --- methods --- Fatty acids --- Cholesterol. --- Cholesterol --- Triglycerides --- Milk fat --- Butyric acid --- Certification

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The present study assessed alterations in mesolimbic enkephalin (ENK) mRNA levels after predator [2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylethiazoline (TMT)] and non-predator (butyric acid) odor encounter and/or light-dark (LD) testing in CD-1 mice immediately, 24, 48 and 168 h after the initial odor encounter and/or LD testing. The nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, basolateral (BLA), central (CEA) and medial amygdaloid nuclei, prelimbic and infralimbic cortex were assessed for fos-related antigen (FRA) and/or ENK mRNA as well as neuronal activation of ENK neurons (FRA/ENK). Mice exposed to TMT displayed enhanced freezing and spent less time in the light of the immediate LD test relative to saline- or butyric acid-treated mice. Among mice exposed to TMT, LD anxiety-like behavior was associated with increased FRA in the prelimbic cortex and accumbal shell and decreased ENK-positive neurons in the accumbal core. Mice displaying high TMT-induced LD anxiety exhibited increased ENK-positive neurons in the BLA, CEA and medial amygdaloid nuclei relative to mice that displayed low anxiety-like behavior in the LD test after TMT exposure. In the BLA and CEA, 'high-anxiety' mice also displayed increased FRA/ENK after TMT exposure and LD testing. In contrast to neural cell counts, the level of ENK transcript was decreased in the BLA and CEA of 'high-anxiety' mice after TMT exposure and LD testing. These data suggest that increased FRA may regulate stressor-responsive genes and mediate long-term behavioral changes. Indeed, increased ENK availability in mesolimbic sites may promote behavioral responses that detract from the aversiveness of the stressor experience

Accumbens. --- Activation. --- Activity. --- Amygdala. --- Anxiety-like behavior. --- Anxiety. --- Area. --- Behavior. --- Behavioral-responses. --- Butyric acid. --- Cortex. --- Defensive behavior. --- Double dissociation. --- Emotional responses. --- Enkephalin. --- Experience. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Extended amygdala. --- Fos-related antigen. --- Freezing. --- Gene. --- Genes. --- Individual-differences. --- Infralimbic cortex. --- Infralimbic. --- Level. --- Light. --- Long-term. --- Male-rats. --- Mice. --- Neuronal. --- Neurons. --- Nucleus accumbens. --- Nucleus-accumbens. --- Nucleus. --- Odor. --- Posttraumatic-stress-disorder. --- Predator odor. --- Predator. --- Prelimbic. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Self-stimulation. --- Stressor. --- Test. --- Time. --- Unconditioned fear. --- Ventral tegmental area.

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This reprint describes the polyphenolic composition of wine and beer, with a special emphasis on extractive and analytical aspects. Furthermore, the effects of wine and beer polyphenols on human health are studied in the depth.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- beer --- polyphenols --- antioxidant activity --- walnut --- chestnut --- green tea --- coffee --- cocoa --- honey --- licorice --- antioxidants --- prenylated flavonoids --- tyrosol --- hydroxytyrosol --- alkylresorcinols --- hops --- malt --- health --- menopause --- polyphenol --- phytoestrogen --- prenylnarigenin --- humulones --- ethanol --- bioactives --- resveratrol --- red wine --- ethylchloroformate --- gas chromatography–mass spectrometry --- alcohol --- butyric acid --- fiber --- drinking pattern --- wine --- winemaking --- brewing --- phenolic compounds --- binding --- health properties --- docking --- Mencía --- Jean --- terroir --- anthocyanins --- phenolic acids --- flavonols --- wine color --- phenols --- HPLC-UV-ESI-MSn --- free anthocyanins --- co-pigmented anthocyanins --- mixed fermentation --- starmerella bacillaris --- PCA --- hydroxycinnamic acids --- caftaric acid --- verjuice --- FPLC --- unripe grape juice

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The Mediterranean diet is a model of eating based on the traditional foods and drinks of the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. The cultural and the nutritional aspects of the multisecular Mediterranean civilization include diet as a central element of health and wellbeing, including wine, if it is consumed in moderation. In recent decades, it has been promoted worldwide (UNESCO 2010) as one of the healthiest dietary patterns. The objective of this book is to bring the role of wine as part of the Mediterranean diet to light, especially through policy makers, the medical world, and vectors of images.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- apigenin --- docosahexaenoic acid --- eicosapentaenoic acid --- 7-ketocholesterol --- α-linolenic acid --- Mediterranean diet --- N2a cells --- oleic acid --- oxidative stress --- quercetin --- resveratrol. --- wine --- ethanol --- acetaldehyde --- oral cavity cancer --- carcinogenesis --- resveratrol --- polydatin --- peonidin 3-O-glucoside --- malvidin 3-O-glucoside --- quercetin 3-O-glucoside --- (+)-catechin --- (+)-taxifolin --- apoptosis --- neuronal death --- cerebellum --- polyphenols --- flavonoids --- diet --- clinical trials --- metabolites --- resveratrol butyrate ester --- butyric acid --- Steglich esterification --- prevent fat accumulation --- wine intake --- cardiovascular disease --- cancer --- dementia --- red wine extract --- AMD --- retinal cells --- ARPE-19 --- degenerative diseases --- ocular diseases --- olive oil --- alcohol --- phytochemicals --- tyrosol --- inflammatory bowel disease --- Crohn's disease --- ulcerative colitis --- inflammation --- neurodegeneration --- neuroprotection --- therapeutic targets --- pharmacology --- novel delivery system --- postovulatory aging --- oocyte quality --- reactive oxygen species